Propanol and Butanol Essay Example

Propanol and Butanol Essay Example Propanol and Butanol Paper Propanol and Butanol Paper To investigate and compare the relationships between the amounts of energy released from different alcohols in the alcohol series. BACKGROUND INFORMATION Alcohols are a series of organic homologous compounds with the general formula of C(n) H(2n+1) OH. They gain their properties, which are different to those of other compounds in the homologous series due to the OH bonded to the Carbon. The 4 simplest alcohols are Methanol, Ethanol, Propanol and Butanol. Each alcohol has one more carbon and two more hydrogens than the previous one. When alcohols are heated to react in a copious supply of oxygen they undergo complete combustion to form carbon dioxide and water. The reaction is an exothermic one and produces a flame emitting light and thermal energy. This is because the energy put into the alcohol to break the bonds is less than the energy given out by new bonds forming. Therefore, different alcohols release different amounts of energy. The diagrams and calculations on the following sheets show the theoretical energy release of each alcohol using the bond energy values below. BOND TYPE BOND ENERGY (KJ/mol) 0-H 463 C-H 412 C-O 360 C=O. 805 (Carbon dioxide) O=O 496 C-C 348 The calculations show that: (the negative values mean energy is lost from the compounds and is therefore given out as heat or light) ALCOHOL ENERGY RELEASED (KJ/mol)) Methanol -659 Ethanol -1279 Propan-1-ol -1899 Butan-1-ol -2519 The negative values mean energy is lost from the compounds and is therefore given out as heat or light as an exothermic reaction. The graph shows that as the length of alcohol chains increases the energy released by combustion will also increase directly proportionally. This is shown by the straight line passing through the origin on the graph on page 6. This is because the longer chains have give out more energy from the bonds formed in the products than the energy that went in to break the extra carbon and 2 hydrogen bonds. During this investigation I will be using propan-1-ol and butan-1-ol. The 1 refers to the structure of the compound, as Propanol and Butanol are capable of having more than one structure but share the same molecular formula. This is important as other isomers will release different levels of energy due to the different arrangement of bonds. PREDICTION The evidence given previously states that the longer the chain of the molecules the more energy it will release. Therefore I expect Methanol to give of the least energy and Butan-1ol to release the most amount of energy. This is due to the enrrgy of the products in Butanol being higher than the energy in Methanol. My graph should look the same as the one on the previous page for the theoretical energy release values. However, I will expect my results to show a lower level of energy release because not all of the energy will go into heating the water. Some of the heat will be lost by being blown away and some energy will take the form of light. PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION. How high do I place the calorimeter above the burner? I found that a decent sized flame was 4cm and therefore I clamped the calorimeter 7cm above the top of the burner. This allowed for the flame to burn freely without the bottom of the calorimeter interfering with the combustion and making it unfair. How large should the flame be? Although the size of the flame will not effct the results diretly because the rate at which the alcohol burns is irrelevant due to the fat that the change in mass is also measured. However, the size of the flame can make the results inaccurate in other ways. I found that the small flames flickered to much and did not produce a constant enough source of heat. However, I also found that the large flames were blown around a lot by the slightest of drafts and therefore the heat was not always being transferred into the calorimeter. I decided that 4cm was a good height to use as it was not affected by the drafts too much and did not flicker.   How much water do I fill the calorimeter with? The amount of water in the calorimeter needs to be a sensible amount as too much will not heat up enough to be recorded accurately and too little will heat up so much it boils and the results are useless. Therefore I decided to use 70cmi (70g) of distilled water as it was heated up enough to be recorded acuratly but did not boil.   How often do I stir the calorimeter? The calorimeter needs to be stirred so that the water is moved around and uniform heating occurs. Uniform heating means that all the water is the same temperature and not just the bottom of the water is heated. Uniform heating make results more accurate. I decided to plunge the stirring wire down and up once every 5 seconds in order to mix the water.   How long do I heat the calorimeter for?

Learn the Pros and Cons of Ethanol and Its Production

Learn the Pros and Cons of Ethanol and Its Production Ethanol is simply another name for alcoholthe liquid made from the fermentation of sugars by yeasts. Ethanol  is also called  ethyl alcohol  or  grain  alcohol  and is abbreviated as EtOH. In the context of alternative fuels, the term refers to an alcohol-based fuel that is blended with gasoline to produce a fuel with a higher octane rating and fewer harmful emissions than unblended gasoline.  The chemical formula for ethanol is CH3CH2OH. Essentially, ethanol is ethane with a hydrogen molecule replaced by a  hydroxyl radical,OHwhich is bonded to a  carbon atom. Ethanol Is Made from Grains or Other Plants No matter what it is used for, ethanol is produced by processing  grains such as corn, barley, and wheat. The grain is first milled, then fermented with yeast in order to transform the grains starches into alcohol. A distillation process then increases the ethanol concentrations, such as when a liquor distiller refines whiskey or gin through a distilling process. In the process, waste grain is produced, which is usually sold as livestock feed. Another by-product, the carbon dioxide produced,   can be used in other industrial applications.  Another form of ethanol, sometimes called bioethanol, can be made from many types of trees and grasses, although the fermentation and distilling process is more difficult. The United States produces close to 15 billion gallons of ethanol a year, mostly in states close to large-scale corn growing centers. The top producing states are, in order,   Iowa, Nebraska,   Illinois, Minnesota, Indiana, South Dakota, Kansas, Wisconsin, Ohio and North Dakota. Iowa is by far the largest producer of ethanol, producing more than 4 billion gallons a year.   Experiments are underway on the possibility of using sweet sourgum as a source of fuel ethanol, which can be grown with only about 22% of the irrigation water required for corn. This may make sourgum a viable choice for regions with water shortages.   Blending Ethanol with Gasoline Blends of at least 85 percent ethanol are considered alternative fuels under the Energy Policy Act of 1992. E85, a blend of 85 percent ethanol and 15 percent gasoline, is used in flexible fuel vehicles  (FlexFuel), which are now offered by most major auto manufacturers. Flexible fuel vehicles can run on gasoline, E85, or any combination of the two. Blends with more ethanol, such as E95, are also premium alternative fuels. Blends with lower concentrations of ethanol, such as E10 (10 percent ethanol and 90 percent gasoline), are sometimes used to increase octane and improve emissions quality but are not considered alternative fuels. A good percentage of all gasoline sold now is E10, containing 10 percent ethanol.   Environmental Effects A blended fuel like E85 produces less carbon dioxide, the single most important greenhouse gas responsible for climate change. In addition, fewer volatile organic compounds are emitted by E85.   Ethanol  is not without its environmental risks, however, because when burned in internal combustion engines, it produces significantly more formaldehyde and other compounds that can increase ground levels of ozone.   Economic Benefits and Drawbacks Ethanol production supports farmers by offering subsidies to grow corn for ethanol, thereby creating domestic jobs. And because ethanol is produced domestically, from locally grown crops,   it reduces U.S. dependence on foreign oil and increases the nation’s energy independence On the flip side, growing corn and other plants for ethanol production requires a lot of farmland, monopolizing fertile soil which instead could be used to grow food that might feed the worlds hungry. Corn production is especially needy in terms of  synthetic fertilizer and  herbicide,  and it frequently leads to  nutrient  and  sediment pollution. According to some experts, the production of corn-based ethanol as an alternative fuel  may end up requiring  more energy than the fuel can generate, especially when counting the high energy costs of synthetic fertilizer production.   The corn industry is a powerful lobby in the U.S., and critics argue that corn-growing subsidies are no longer aiding smaller family farms, but are now mostly of benefit to the corporate farming industry. They argue that these subsidies have outlived their usefulness and perhaps should be spent on efforts that more directly affect the public welfare.   But in a world of dwindling fossil fuel supplies, ethanol is an important renewable alternative which most experts agree has virtues that outweigh its drawbacks.

Target and Pinterest Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Target and Pinterest - Assignment Example It is a good marketing tool that essentially increases a business’s customers and sales. Target is going to use 3 key influencers of Pinterest to market their products. Limited edition collections of party items will be sold in stores and online. The selected Pinterest stars are top fashion bloggers and influential people in design. Blogger Joy Cho of Oh Joy who has 13.6 million bloggers began his partnership with Target on March by starting her party collection while Jan Halvarson of Poppytalk who has 8.3 million followers will launch her Target collections in June (Entis 2014). Kate Arends of Wit and Delight will do the same in September. My impression with this move by target to collaborate with top Pinterest bloggers is that it is a good marketing strategy for the company. Social media has become an essential platform for businesses to attract customers across the world. With the increasing number of social media users, businesses are able to meet a lot of potential customers online. Therefore, using Pinterest to generate sales is a good strategy for Target. Pinterest’s move to use influential people will work in generating revenue because influential people have the most following on social media; hence the company is able to access many potential customers (Weissman 2014). The followers of blogger Cho alone are 13.6 million. Therefore, during her time as a seller for Target, she generates a lot of sales from the millions of customers from her followers. The same case is similar from the other collaborators. Another aspect that makes the collaboration of Target and Pinterest’s influential bloggers is the popularity of Pinterest as a destination for entertaining inspiration (Entis 2014). Therefore, by collaborating with top tastemakers in fashion, Target will attract more customers for its party collections. The brand image of Target is good because the business is collaborating with

Drunk Drivers Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Drunk Drivers - Research Paper Example The most alarming statistics is the number of people being killed in drunk driver cases. According to Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) a total of 1 individual experiences demise after every 51 minutes as a result of being involved in a drunk driver case and a total of 30 individuals experience death due to the same reason each day (Cdc.gov, 2015). Several arrests take place in which individuals are arrested for driving under influence of alcohol and these individuals mostly have a blood alcohol level of 0.08% at the time they are behind the driving seat of a vehicle (Cdc.gov, 2015). CDC even has reported that during the period of 2010 a total of drunk drivers arrested with 1.4 million individuals (Cdc.gov, 2015). Another alarming statistic is the amount of money that driving under influence of alcohol cases cost the government each year. CDC reports that every year America has to experience a cost of higher than $59 million due to vehicle accidents in which the individ ual driving the vehicle was under the influence of alcohol. Individuals belonging to different ages, genders as well as race have been found to be indulged in drinking and driving cases. But people with certain characteristics are quite involved in such cases. Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) is an institute that has collected piles of information in relation to profiles of drinking and driving. They state that majority of the drunk drivers are those who have already had their driving license suspected as a result of driving under influence and this accounts for 75% of the individuals who have been arrested for this crime (Madd, 2015). Furthermore, the majority of the drunk drivers are quite young and they age around 21 to 25 years (Madd, 2015). Individuals, who drink and drive mostly do so during night hours of the day and these incidences are at peak during the weekends (Madd, 2015). Majority of the individuals indulged in

John Proctor Essay Example for Free

John Proctor Essay The audience now have conflicting emotions; there is confusion as although we know he has made a mistake, he doesnt deserve to die for it, we also feel disappointed that Proctor has given into Danforth showing a weakness rather than power and bravery. The courts are relieved that Proctor decides to confess and they want him to sign a confession, Danforth explains why it needs to be signed Why, for the good instruction of the village Proctor first shows signs of changing his mind You have all witnessed it- it is enough Proctor is adamant that he doesnt want to take his verbal confession any further. He says I have given you my soul; leave me my name! he is in a desperate situation as although he has confessed to impiety he doesnt want everyone in Salem to see the evidence of it. Proctor tears the paper and crumples it, but he is weeping in fury but erect. He has resolved his dilemma and has made his final decision to hang. The audience feel empathy for Proctor however we are glad he has made the righteous decision, redeeming himself in the end. His final words convey his good sense of morals and his courage. He says I do think I see some shred of goodness in John Proctor. The audience agree with his decision as it separates him from the hypocrisy of others. It also expresses his honesty in direct conflict with Danforth who is completely corrupt and irrational; Proctor says Show honour now, show a stony heart and sink them with it! It is a heroic end for Proctor showing his strength and dignity. By the end of the play some of the characters hold different views on Proctor. At the beginning of the play when Hale first arrived in Salem he was very enthusiastic about the witchcraft but throughout the play his views swayed towards Proctors explanation of the accusations. He realises that the witch-hunts are a consequence of dangerous pretence caused by a young girls vengeance. It is a lie! They are innocent! Hale is certain that this is fraud and he feels guilty for his earlier actions. Let you not mistake your duty as I mistook my own. And where I turned the eye of my great faith, blood flowed up. Hale knows he has done wrong and he is sincere and honest enough to admit his errors. As the play progresses we see a change in Elizabeths attitude, at the very end of the play a lot of the tension between them is resolved. Elizabeth admits that she was also to blame for their difficult marriage; It needs a cold wife to prompt lechery she has now fully forgiven him and they both realise their love for each other. Moments before Proctor hangs they share a loving, affectionate kiss He has lifted her, and kisses her now with great passion. Now that Proctor feels a genuine love and forgiveness he can die with an easy mind and with dignity. Hales condemnation and pleading with Elizabeth to save Proctor is a point of high dramatic tension as he knows that she is the only one that can change his mind. Hale pleads, Woman, plead with him! Woman! It is pride, it is vanity. Elizabeth knows that she cant take Hales advice as she knows her husband has made the morally right, honourable decision for himself. Miller uses Elizabeths final statement to confirm that Proctor is a tragic hero. He have his goodness now. God forbid I take it from him! This demonstrates that she cannot intervene because she cant take away his honesty and make his imperative decision for him. This proves that Proctor is a tragic hero as he chooses to die with an honest conscience. Proctor refuses to collaborate with the evil of the courts. God does not need my name nailed up upon the church! He will not agree to his signed confession being shown to the people of Salem because he doesnt want there to be any significant evidence of the lie he is giving. When Proctor reflects on himself, he is quite harsh. I cannot mount the gibbet like a saint. It is fraud. He is blaming himself for the situation he is in now as it is a consequence of his affair with Abigail. As he realises his mistakes he begins to see himself as a fraud. The witch-hunt shown in The Crucible has a strong link to the McCarthy trials in the early 1950s, as both occasions created a vast hysteria. Both Danforth and Abigail are closely linked to John McCarthy as they are trying to gain power. Abigail was constantly manipulating the courts; therefore a consequent fear and hysteria is created and innocent people like Mary Warren, who get frightened and intimidated, start to betray friends. Millers message is trying to tell the audience to be aware of, and stand up to people like Danforth and Abigail and expose things before its too late. Also, that we should beware that a petty pretence can become extremely dangerous. As we observe, Proctor comes across as very self-centred at the beginning of The Crucible and he doesnt seem to be aware of his mistakes- he is hypocritical and angry at Elizabeth for not forgiving him straight away for his affair, You forget nothin and forgive nothin. Learn charity woman. However as the play progresses the audience experience a new, moral and powerful Proctor who notices his faults. He now understands his errors and thinks of himself as a sinner I cannot mount the gibbet like a saint My honesty is broke. Elizabeth; I am no good man. I do not completely agree with the statement What is John Proctor? I am no saint; for me it is fraud. I am not that man. Although he has sinned by lying and committing lechery with Abigail he doesnt deserve to die as a consequence of Abigails vengeance. I feel that Proctor is being quite harsh on himself because even though he makes mistakes that put him in this situation, he redeems himself in the end by telling the truth and dying with dignity. for now I do think I see some shred of goodness in John Proctor. To conclude, I consider Proctor as more of a saint than a sinner. He is not a complete saint but I do believe that his courage, good sense of morals and power should be honoured and respected as he was a decent, noble man.   C20th Drama Coursework Essay: The Crucible Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

Inadequate Support Systems for an African American Adult with Breast Ca

Description of the Problem A support system is defined as â€Å"a network of people who provide an individual with practical or emotional support† (Merriam-Webster’s, 2014). In the area of healthcare, a lack of adequate support system will negatively impact the health of an individual in multiple areas of care. This can include issues that arise not only from an individual aspect, but also through lack of support on social, emotional, instrumental, as well as informational levels. A lack of social support system means that one does not have close ties or strong relationships with family members, friends, colleagues, or members of the community. Social and emotional support is an essential part of health care involving all disease and illness, but even more so when chronic illness such as cancer is involved. This is evident in numerous studies which have found social and emotional support to be strongly correlated to â€Å"feelings of positivity, mutuality, and improved mental health outcomesâ⠂¬  among patients with cancer (Wenzel et al., 2012). Additionally, social support provides functional resources that affect a patient’s outlook on his or her health status. Instrumental support may include items such as the provision of financial assistance, while informational support might be receiving feedback from others to help patients motivate themselves to accomplish their goals (Ashing-Giwa et al., 2012). The term ‘support system’ affects many aspects of an individual’s health care which, when considered all together, compound to influence the patient most often on social and psychosocial planes of care. Problem The focus of this discussion is patient Regina, a 53-year-old African American woman who was diagnosed with breast cancer in Octobe... ...ificance in the healthcare plane. Wenzel, J., Jones, R. A., Klimmek, R., Krumm, S., Darrell, L. P., Song, D., Stearns, V., & Ford, J. G. (2012). Cancer support and resource needs among African American older adults. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing, 16, 4, 372-7. The purpose of this study was to obtain experiential data on cancer diagnosis and treatment, and gather recommendations from survivors regarding treatment-related needs, strategies, and psychosocial support. Results indicate that the need for cancer-specific education, importance of faith and spirituality, availability of support, and identifying financial needs were the main issues recognized as important needs for the cancer patient. This article was useful in providing additional strategies and resources to implement in encouraging the formation of strong social support in individuals with cancer.

Science and Mathematics: Al-Ghazzali, “On the Separation of Mathematic and Religion”

The selections written on mathematics and the scientific description of smallpox imparted that Islam is based on trust and faith in God and not some theory and hypothesis which can be relied upon only if it is proven through calculation, geometry, and cosmography or by logical experimentations.Because of mathematics and science, Al-Ghazzali was able to make a distinction between mathematics and religion. According to him, proving something using mathematics, when successful, will tend to eliminate religious foundations of that particular assumption.Whereas, if something is proven by religion, it does not forego or criticize mathematics. Meaning, mathematics is quantifiable and material while religious is speculative and immaterial. Believing in Islam comes from within, established because of one’s belief in God even without substantial proof.Like in smallpox, this disease is contagious with unknown cause but it has been treated and now it is considered an inactive ailment. For Al-Ghazzali, the eruption of smallpox can be compared to the problems and challenges in life. When a person is still an infant, his resistance is still weak and can be easily infected by smallpox.Meaning, he is too fragile to face life’s crises. As he grows up, he continuously learns and strengthens his faith. Along the many trials in life, he becomes strong thus when he develops into a young man, he has enough strength not to contain â€Å"smallpox.† As he matures and grows all, he becomes much wiser and with great wisdom, his values are stronger thus â€Å"smallpox† can hardly contaminate him.Focus Question #2: According to Al-Ghazzali, should mathematics and religion be separated? Why or why not?According to Al-Ghazzali, mathematics and religion should be treated separately because these two disciplines cannot be reconciled even both can explain many phenomenon in the universe. However, they do differ in their justifications since mathematics has material pr oof while that of religion is based on faith in God, thus immaterial. If an experience or fact is proven materially, it tends to condemn religion right then while religious proofs do not criticize mathematics.Central to Al-Ghazzali’s theory is that all eventualities (causes and effects) in mortal life and beyond are determined by God as expressed in religion. He despised mathematics in that those highly-educated men who professed scientific proof of things tend to forget God and the Divine Law which is evil and wicked.Moreover, Al-Ghazzali asserted that these men who bowed down to mathematics and science have lost their faith in God. As such, they praised human knowledge and capabilities without recognizing that a higher Being is there responsible for all these gifts of wisdom and intelligence.Finally, Al-Ghazzali ended with total belief in understanding through religious experience rather than approaching it intellectually as in mathematics and science. All his actions and i nferences refer to obedience and confidence in God regardless of scientific bases and calculations. For him, God should be above all earthly occurrences.Works Citedâ€Å"On the Causes of Small-Pox.† A Treatise on Small-Pox and Measles. 1848.â€Å"On the Separation of Mathematics and Religion.† The Confession of Al-Ghazzali. 1908.   

The Great Gatsby, Chapter 8

Owen Marshall Honors Language Arts, Lohman March 27, 2013 Chapter 8 This chapter begins with Nick talking to Gatsby after the horrible events of the night before. Gatsby tells Nick how he spent his night waiting for Daisy to see him just for her to ignore him the whole time. He then tells Nick about why he fell in love with Daisy, and why he is still so deeply attached to her. Nick then leaves for work, shouting to Gatsby reassuring words seeing as he is obviously lost and depressed.After Nick leaves we are told about the actions of grief stricken George Wilson. We are told that George believed that the driver of the car that killed his wife was Gatsby and George acts upon this information. He spends the day making his way to Gatsby’s house and upon his arrival kills Gatsby in his pool and then ends his own life. Suspense This chapter creates a very deep suspense through the actions of George Wilson.Fitzgerald cultivates this suspense for the climax of the novel by describing George’s actions with little detail, describing them as if we are being told by a police report. He skirts what actually occurred, instead describing the setting in vivid detail. He mentions the â€Å"†¦cluster of leave†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (pg 170) that are in the pool foreshadowing Gatsby’s fate by having the leaves represent the end of the season and the end of his life. Fitzgerald uses this suspense to keep the reader intensely reading keep Gatsby’s death a shock.

Ways of Successful Collaboration

Ways of Successful Collaboration Assignments that are set up well at the beginning tend to be the most successful. Our studies show that most problems occur because of incomplete or poorly worded instructions. Our writers are very talented but they arent exactly mind-readers. Its better to be overly specific with your requirements instead of assuming the writer will know exactly what research you need them to do. Its always a good idea to confirm with the writer before they start writing that they are confident they know what you need. That way you can clear up any confusion before it impacts the assignment. Â  HOW TO GET GOOD GRADES? Be prepared to routinely follow up with the writer as they work on your assignment. Dont expect the writer to do all the work for you. Our services are not for cheating in your classes. Rather, they are meant to help you learn and understand your topic. Like a video game walkthrough, our writers are there to help you navigate especially hard levels with instructions and guidance. They arent going to play the game for you. So make sure you understand what the writer is developing for you and reach out to them immediately if you find something is confusing or unclear. Responding promptly to your writers questions is another key to successful collaboration. When a writer has a question for you try to get back to them as soon as you see their message. The same goes for staff. If you bring an issue to us, try to maintain open, timely communication while we work to fix the problem. Here is a short summary of quick and dirty tips: Be precise about what you want, prepare your assignment description; Maintain contact with your writer at all times; Do let us know in case your writer is not responding do your messages; Keep track of the order progress as your paper is being written; Ask for drafts of your paper so that you can make sure your paper is on the right track. We will always prosecute unprofessional or unsatisfactory behavior from our writers. However, this process will not fix a missed deadline or a ruined grade for you. So taking steps to prevent problems from arising will benefit you in the long run. Immediately let a staff member know if your writer is not responsive, does not provide a rough draft after committing to the project or is in any other way showing signs that they dont intend to complete your assignment. Our staff can smooth out misunderstandings or assign you a new writer if needed.

Perfect Exploratory Essay All You Need is Thorough Research

Perfect Exploratory Essay All You Need is Thorough Research Perfect Exploratory Essay: All You Need is Thorough Research Exploratory essays are meant to explore certain concepts or perception of subject information. They are different from other essays because they tend to give the reader a wider idea on a topic and even implore real life situation of the subject topic. So, it means that for this kind of writing it is necessary to gather a lot of profound information because the power of persuasion here is proven facts. Instead of convincing the reader or the audience in the validity of a thesis, it is possible to research on problems and draw some form of preliminary conclusions of how to resolve it. In addition, it forms the core of one’s writing and thinking process as they work through an ailing issue. For these forms of essay, one ought to be introspective and consider the thinking process as a whole foundation for the essay to come out as clearly as intended. Exploratory Essay Features Pays more attention to a problem than an idea. Here, before choosing the suitable one, several solutions to the problem are analyzed and their strength and weaknesses are determined. The essay can be approached in two ways: Retrospective – here the conclusion is first drawn and the other exploratory parts written in such a way that it fits the conclusion making the essay look evenly smooth. Impromptu – this method makes the essay look more unique and natural and is usually preferred by some teachers if not all. Exploratory Essay Structure Introduction In the introduction, a problem is identified, outlined, explored and explained on the basis of its importance. Also one should write brief discussion on: possible causes of problems, institution and people connected to the problem, possible solutions. It is required to give a short description on the types of sources and materials that one researched during the period of enquiry as well. Body The body is a series of paragraphs that tend to discuss more about the subject topic. It consists of a discussion of the enquiry process that followed the research of the certain issues of interest. These paragraphs should include the following: An introduction to the source and an explanation of the source preference and use in the exploration process. An explanation of some vital information found in the source regarding the problem in contention. A detailed discussion as to why the information obtained from the source is vital and how it may help to solve a problem. A sort of personal introspection on how the source aided you and how it allowed you to think in a different way about that ailing issue, and how it reduced your expectations and directed you to a new approach to the research. Conclusion In the conclusion restate the problem being explored and its possible causes with consequences. Review the institutions and people involved in the outlined issues and discuss any other questions arising from the research and why you think they are coming up. Lastly, highlight possible solutions to these problems. And here you go, a perfect exploratory essay. At writing service you can easily buy exploratory essay online, completely custom written from scratch by academic experts. Follow us!

Zinc Finger Nucleases Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Zinc Finger Nucleases - Essay Example When mRNA or genes coding for modified ZFNs are expressed in cells they introduce site-specific breaks in target DNA, which when repaired by the cellular DNA repair machinery, result in substitutions or deletions at the cleavage site, thus introducing a site-specific mutation. 1) Cite four research papers that use this method (20%) and describe, with the aid of diagrams if necessary. 2) How ZFNs can be used to carry out site-directed mutagenesis and how the use of genome sequence data is essential to use this technique (80%). Upper Word Limit: †¦3000 RELEVANT MODULE LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Describe the different means of making targeted sets of mutations to systematically analyse gene function. 2. Be able to develop practical expertise in applying bioinformatics methods to biological problems 3. Have further developed your skills in information retrieval from library and Web site sources. 4. Have gained additional experience in critical reading of original literature. 5. Have dev eloped further your ability to study To be signed by the student I have read and understood the University regulations and the Departmental guidelines on cheating in my Degree Handbook. I confirm that, in preparing this piece of work, I have followed those guidelines. I understand that my work may be submitted for checking to the JISC Plagiarism Detection Service and that use of this Service complies with UK Data Protection Law. Word Count: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2730 words excluding cover page and references†¦ Signature of student†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Date†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Failure to sign and clearly identify this piece of work will result in no marks being awarded. Note: The standard turnaround time for marked coursework is four weeks. Turnaround times for coursework involving multiple and/or ext ernal markers may be longer. In these cases the module supervisor will advise when the coursework will be returned. Site-Directed Mutagenesis by Engineered Zinc Finger Nucleases Background A zinc finger refers to a secondary structural motif of certain proteins. The zinc finger folds in a manner that allows it to coordinate or hold a zinc metal. There are several zinc finger motifs; the most common is the Cys2His2 zinc finger that consists of an antiparallel ?-sheet and an ?-helix coordinated by 2 His and 2 Cys residues that bind a zinc atom. The zinc finger proteins are involved in many reactions like mediating protein-protein interactions, RNA binding, but they are most known to be involved DNA sequence-specific binding. Two or more zinc fingers comprise the DNA-binding domain. Each zinc finger domain binds to three bases on the DNA. If there are more zinc fingers, then more bases are bound. Bound regions by the zinc fingers are usually three bp apart, and bind to the major groove of DNA. The capacity of the zinc finger proteins to recognize highly specific DNA sequences for binding was exploited by researchers to produce, design, or engineer zinc finger nucleases (ZFN) that can cut the target DNA at specific sites. Usually, these zinc finger nucleases have similar motifs as that of Cys2His2 zinc finger protein. In order to cut a specific target site on the DNA, the engineered zinc finger protein was fused with the cleavage site of FokI endonuclease, which is a restriction enzyme. FokI has a strict requirement for dimerization to the DNA; this is the reason why two different ZFNs are designed in opposing direction to bind the FokI restriction site (Figure 1). One ZNF can have several zinc fingers but only one nuclease domain. Many engineered ZFNs are targeted to attach to different DNA regions. After the ZFNs specifically bind the target DNA regions, the Fok1