The Extent Of Personal Responsibility - 1554 Words

The Extent of Personal Responsibility Taking place in two hemispheres from one another, the plot to Khaled Hosseini s Kite Runner and Phillip Roth s Nemesis have few common elements to observe if one were to look strictly at the plot. However, looking deeper reveals that both novels have startlingly similar elements and themes; ranging from fear, to a rejection of god. The most significant theme in both of these novels is the concept of personal responsibility--a concept that defines Amir and Bucky and drives the way they act, in addition to influencing the plot of each novel. Starting with protagonist Amir in Kite Runner, the pivotal point of responsibility is first introduced when Hassan is raped by Assef following the conclusion of the kite runner tournament that Amir won. This moment is the single-most significant moment in the entire novel: I stopped watching, turned away from the alley (67). This quote establishes the theme of personal responsibility, and this very event would go on to define Amir throughout the entirety of the novel, as Amir would go on to decades later to state: We had both betrayed the people who would have given their lives for us (197). Another point is established with this, that being the question of how far claiming responsibility go before being considered unreasonable? Looking at this particular scene, one has to wonder, what could have Amir have been able to do in this situation? While fleeing the scene is debated as a lack ofShow MoreRelatedPrevention and Control of Infection977 Words   |  4 PagesSection Two: Task 4 Understanding the Importance of using Personal Protective Equipment 5.1 Demonstrate correct use of PPE (completed) 5.2 Describe different types of PPE 5.3 Explain the reasons for use of PPE At Unit 1, BMI we have many different types of PPE, these include the following (5.2 bolded and 5.3 in brackets): 1. Gloves (to protect hands/contact from skin infections / potential infections and contamination) 2. Overalls (to protect the body from possible exposure / bloodRead MorePersonal Responsibility By Gabriel Garcia Marquez Essay1575 Words   |  7 PagesPersonal responsibility is a principle that is educated in elementary school all the way through college; it essentially means taking liability for all your thoughts, emotions, and behavior. Gabriel†©Garcà ­a†©Mà ¡rquez, Columbian novelist, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1982: â€Å"for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent’s life and conflicts.†( The Nobel Foundation). 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Agriculture Sector in India Trends, Issues and Challenges

| | | Importance of Agriculture Sector in Economic Growth in India - Trends, Issues and Challenges | | | Submitted to - | Prof. Rudra Sensarma | | Submitted By – Ajanta Nag - EEPGM-11C-001Ashish Katariya - EPGP-04C-017Debangshu Datta - EPGP-04C-029Hari Akkavajhula - EPGP-04C-037Rajesh Solanki - EPGP-04C-076Tarun Kumar - EPGP-04C-103 | Table of Contents Introduction 2 Objective 3 Performance of agriculture sector in india 3 Government policies in agriculture sector 6 suggestions–new policy measure to help agriculture sector 7 Conclusion 8 References 9 Introduction Agriculture is a critical sector of the Indian economy. Though manufacturing and service sector industries gained†¦show more content†¦This is followed by about 18 percent small holdings (1-2 ha.), about 16 percent medium holdings (more than 2 to less than 10 ha.) and less than 1 percent large holdings (10 ha. and above).†(Reference #3) Source: Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Agricultural Census Division, Ministry of Agriculture. Figure 2: Average size (ha) of holdings as per different Agriculture Census Because of increasing population, land fragmentation is increasing which is reducing availability of cultivated land area per household. Added to this, because increasing challenges in agriculture sector, this remains to be least contributor of employment opportunities in rural areas. Because of this additional employment opportunities in the non-farm and manufacturing sector (especially in agro based rural industries) have to be created. Because of this, people have to enhance their skills in corresponding sectors to gain employment. This way, more and more employment opportunities can be created which will be useful in making agriculture practical in a sustainable manner. Figure 3: Farms in rural India. Most farms in India are small plots such as in this image. â€Å"The growth performance of the agriculture sector has been fluctuating across the plan periods (Fig 4). 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As per the latest Census of 2011, the total population of the country is 1.21 billion, which includes 623.12 million males and 587.4million females. India’s share of the world population is 17 percent. The literacy rate among the population for seven years and above for the country stands at 72.99 percent. The total workforce in the country is 397Read MoreShjxkj2757 Words   |  12 Pages4 | Issue : 2 | Feb 2014 | ISSN - 2249-555X An Economic analysis of Trends in Agriculture Growth and Production in India KEYWORDS Ramachandra Murthy K Research Scholar DOS in Economics and Cooperation, University of Mysore, Mysore Anand C Research Scholar, DOS in Economics and Cooperation, University of Mysore, Mysore Manjuprasad C Research Scholar, DOS in Economics and Cooperation, University of Mysore, Mysore ABSTRACT The present paper examines the performance of Trends of AgricultureRead MoreRole Of Women And Women s Empowerment1093 Words   |  5 Pages@IJRTER-2016, All Rights Reserved 177 Role of women empowerment in economic growth in India Dr. kirti shrivas (Asst. professor)Dept. of Commerce, govt. college abhanpur Abstract :Women’s empowerment defined as improving the ability of women to access the constituents of development in particular health, education, earning opportunities, rights and political participations. Women empowerment in India is dependent on many different variables like education status, social status, geographical statusRead MorePotential Between India s Tier II And Tier IIi Cities Essay1361 Words   |  6 Pagesproviding improved mobility also contribute to a trend towards annual retail sales growth of 12.2 percent. An increasing number of people in India are turning to the services sector for employment due to the relative low compensation offered by the traditional agriculture and manufacturing sectors. The organized retail market is growing at 35 percent annually while growth of unorganized retail sector is pegged at 6 percent. Though the retailing sector is growing rapidly, some of the constrains areRead MoreUttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu: A Comparative Study in Micro-Finance1699 Words   |  7 Pagesstudy of the growth of microfinance in the two states of Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.) Literature Review- Studies analyzing the Micro Financing in India- Micro finance has been a field which has attracted a lot of research work. A review of the major research works of economists and sociologists provide us with interesting insights on issues related to microfinance. Seibel and Parhusib (1990) in their study mentioned that expansion of credit coverage through state interventions approach wasRead MoreRole of Co-Operative Banks in Agriculture Credit: Organization, Growth and Challenges2984 Words   |  12 PagesRole of Co-operative Banks in Agriculture Credit: Organization, Growth and Challenges Rajesh Kumar, Sanjay Malhan Abstract In this study we have analysed the role of Co-operative banks in agriculture credit in India from 2001/2002 to 2006/2007 with the help of ACGR. The study reveals that the aggregate amount of agriculture credit has increased, while, the share in total institutional agriculture credit has been decreased from 37.91 in 2001/2002 to 18.51 in 2006/07 and further, found that the levelRead MoreIndia Is A Global Agricultural Powerhouse Essay1548 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION India is a global agricultural powerhouse. Agriculture, fishery and forestry are the largest contributors to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in India. This however plays a major role in the Indian economy. It is the largest in the production of wheat, rice and cotton. Multiple factors have influenced the growth of India’s agricultural sector which includes the growth of consumption, household income and expansion in agricultural exports. There has been a rise in private participationRead MoreThe Environment Of The Water Management Choices Essay1682 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: Water and how it is distributed has become the significant issue of our generation. This increasingly scarce resource is intrinsically linked to the global challenges of food insecurity, poverty, climate change, depletion of natural resources which affects the livelihoods of millions of people across the world (FAO, 2011). The water management choices that are made today will determine, to a large extent, whether societies achieve economic and social development and environmental sustainabilityRead MoreMarket Analysis of Burger King in India1282 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Burger King in India With the ever widening globalization, many businesses that are local are always trying to multinational, and those that are already multinational are all trying to cover other markets where their branches are not situated. This is the same route that Burger King (BK) is looking forward to, and in their case they want diversify into China, Japan and India. There are however several factors that BK must put into consideration before venturing into India in particular. There

Training & Development Harvey Norman Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Training and Development Harvey Norman. Answer: Overview of the Organization Harvey Norman, an Australian-based holding, is an online shop operating across the globe. The organization was established in 1982 as an online retail outlet for home-based products such as electronic, beddings, and furniture. The business has grown and is currently operating in conjunction with other subsidiaries across the globe. Harvey Norman Holdings Limited does not deal with the production and publishing of the brands available in their online stores (Harvey Norman, 2016). The firm collaborates with other company-owned stores in the designated countries such as Australia and Malaysia who assist in availing the products. On the other hand, the organization also has other stores operating on franchised basis. Currently, the organization has over 280 stores in Australia where the products displayed on the online shop are outsourced. Therefore, the business first depends on the correlation between the orders of the customers and the availability of the product in the designated sto res (Harvey Norman, 2016). Such a scenario makes customer service management a top priority to the success of the company. This training and development program is focused on improving the customer service at Harvey Norman Holdings Limited to enhance client base growth, high rate of acquisition, and increasing retention levels, which are indicators of customer satisfaction. Participants for the Program The training program is meant for the online shop operators for the Australian parent-subsidiary. The unit has depicted steady growth in line with the customer base; however, the trend has been characterized by a stagnant tendency in the recent quarters. Many changes have been attributed to the increasing competition in online retailing. There is need to develop the capacity of the online shop operators to handle the customer requests from the time orders are placed to the delivery stage, which will improve the trust of the existing customers and attract new ones. The online shop attendants interact directly with the customers seeking to understand the operation of the firm as well as looking forward to purchasing the items available for sale. The key responsibilities of the operation-based employees include the following. Preparation of products for online display Order acquisition and processing Payment confirmation and delivery arrangement Customer feedback and communication Implementation of refund, return, and repair policy Market trend analysis Consumer guarantee management and product notice recall implementations The Plan of the Program: Theoretical Foundation The changes in the training and development of the human resources in Australia has changed in the recent years. Although outsourcing and talent management has been part of the preferred strategies to enhance the competence of the workers and the efficiency of the organization, a move towards developing the existing employees is increasing (Drucker, 2013). Most organizations are focusing on improving their employees through skill enhancement rather that outsourcing the experience they desire. In such a case, training has become an essential part of HRD. The need for growth is central to organizational success; however, such desires can only be attained if the organization is in a able to grow the customer base (Drucker, 2013). In such a case, the client management becomes an inevitable component to be perfected for maximum revenue and competitiveness. The training and development program for Harvey Norman Holdings Limited is based on two major theoretical dimensions. The human capital approach has been selected based on the interrelation between the HR activities and organizational success. The dimensions such as on-the-job training, literacy programs, cognitive abilities, and migration of skills have been noted to improve the capacity and output of the human resources (Drucker, 2013). On the other hand, the social psychological approach is based on the evidence that exists regarding the level of benefits one gets while interacting with the environment and the people. The training program has incorporated the advantage of expertise consultation and environment interaction to enhance the awareness and competence of online shop attendants in line with customer satisfaction needs. Therefore, whenever the employees are aware of their surroundings then they can commit to advancing their skills when handling their respective duties; how ever, for such achievements to be made, there is a need for training and learning to create knowledge-based awareness (Rao, 1996; Caley Mason, 2002). Objectives of the Program Harvey Norman Holdings Limited has recorded tremendous growth rate in revenue and customer acquisition. As noted earlier, the firm needs to advance the client management approach to curbing the externalities of the stiff competition in the Australian market. The training and development program is targeting the online shop attendants to ensure that they incorporate modern approaches to customer management. In the end, the participants are expected to depict best competencies that will improve the satisfaction of the customers, which will encourage high retention and acquisition rates. The following are the objectives of the training and development program. To improve the skills of the attendants regarding online order management, which will include the handling of the customers from the time they make a purchase impression, proceed to inquire regarding their preferred products, decide to place an order, up to the delivery of goods To enhance the capacity of the employees to manage after sale relationship with customers, which will include addressing the complaints of the clients as well as making sure that one purchase will lead to future purchases or referrals from that client To review the current trends in online retailing to ensure that the attendants incorporate the changes in customer relations in the corporate sector in Australia in their daily activities, which is expected to boost the revenue and competitiveness of the company Schedule, Activities, and Methods Training and Development Dimension Resources Required Consulation and Communictaions Groups Method of Delivery First Group Second Group Turning Customer Impressions to Purchases Projector, computer, white wall screen, note books, printed handouts The unit administrators, human resource manager, and participant representatives, other assistant trainers Seminar presentation, Group activities, and Discussion, 5 June 2017 6 June 2017 Handling Customer Orders: Pre-delivery Period Projector, computer, white wall screen, note books, printed handouts The unit administrators, human resource manager, and participant representatives, other assistant trainers Seminar presentation, Group activities, and Discussion, 5 June 2017 6 June 2017 Handling Customer Orders: During the Delivery Period Projector, computer, white wall screen, note books, printed handouts The unit administrators, human resource manager, and participant representatives, other assistant trainers Seminar presentation, Group activities, and Discussion, 5 June 2017 6 June 2017 Complaint management: Poor Quality and Defects of Products Projector, computer, white wall screen, note books, printed handouts The unit administrators, human resource manager, and participant representatives, other assistant trainers Seminar presentation, Group activities, and Discussion, 12 June 2017 13 June 2017 Complaint management: Poor Services and Time Factor Projector, computer, white wall screen, note books, printed handouts The unit administrators, human resource manager, and participant representatives, other assistant trainers Seminar presentation, Group activities, and Discussion, 12 June 2017 13 June 2017 Handling Customer Orders: Post-delivery Period Projector, computer, white wall screen, note books, printed handouts The unit administrators, human resource manager, and participant representatives, other assistant trainers Seminar presentation, Group activities, and Discussion, 18 June 2017 19 June 2017 Handling Customer Orders: Post-Complaint Period Projector, computer, white wall screen, note books, printed handouts The unit administrators, human resource manager, and participant representatives, other assistant trainers Seminar presentation, Group activities, and Discussion, 18 June 2017 19 June 2017 New Trends in Online Retailing: Customer Service In Australia Projector, computer, white wall screen, note books, printed handouts The unit administrators, human resource manager, and participant representatives, other assistant trainers Seminar presentation, Group activities, and Discussion, 27 June 2017 28 June 2017 New Trends in Online Retailing: Handling Products Projector, computer, white wall screen, note books, printed handouts The unit administrators, human resource manager, and participant representatives, other assistant trainers Seminar presentation, Group activities, and Discussion, 27 June 2017 28 June 2017 Monitoring and Evaluation of the Customer Satisfaction Trends Projector, computer, white wall screen, note books, printed handouts The unit administrators, human resource manager, and participant representatives, other assistant trainers Seminar presentation, Group activities, and Discussion, 27 June 2017 28 June 2017 Trainers Instruction The process of training is essential and complex especially when the sustainable impact is required. The success of this training and development program will depend on the corporation between the organization and the trainer as well as the participants. The following guidelines will enable the trainer to ensure a smooth process during the program period. The trainer should identify and meet with the unit coordinators before commencing the training. The first meeting will ensure that the order of the groups being trained is established. The trainer should collaborate with the coordinators to make sure that the attendants for each phase of training are aware when their schedule will take place. Therefore, the trainer should give a copy of the initial schedule plan with specific dates and time to the unit administrators. It is the mandate and jurisdiction of the trainer to determine whether each participant attended all the training session by tallying the register, which will ascertain the qualification for receiving the certification. The trainer should ensure that the training process is based on the emerging market trends in the Australian scope with practical examples and case studies. Evaluation of Feedback The process of feedback evaluation will be carried out in two phases. There is need to evaluate the outcome and the impact of the training to ascertain the success level of the sessions conducted. Once the program has been completed phase one evaluation will be focused on short-term outcomes while the second evaluation will be based on the long-term impact among employees. Phase One: The initial assessment and feedback evaluation will be used to measure the extent to which the employees understood the concept of the training sessions. Therefore, the trainer will prepare a group activity, which will include the avenues where members will demonstrate the knowledge learned. The activities will include current cases in the organization involving customer complaints, inquiries, and deliveries. Phase Two: The stage will include a long-term assessment of the organizational change in line with customer management approach. After the training, the metrics regarding the customer feedback, referrals, and subsequently purchased will be documented. Moreover, the number of the clients in the organization will be determined over a period of four quarters to determine the trends. Based on the statistics collected, the organization will measure whether there is a positive change that can be attributed to the training session. Required Resources The resources needed to facilitate the training and development program in any organization is the most crucial element of the planning. The program for Harvey Norman Holdings Limited is a skill and exposure program, which will require limited resources. The program is also based on a short period; therefore, the expected cost will be lower as opposed to the long-term training strategies. Nevertheless, the plan to improve the customer management competencies will require several resources. The training process will need a personal computer with advanced demonstration graphics. The process of displaying the training notes and graphics will need a projector. The training process will require the audio management devices such as microphone and speakers to enhance the presenter-participant interaction process. The trainees will require handouts and writing materials; therefore, during the training, notebooks and pens will be distributed to each participant. Moreover, the implementation of the program will require the help of the unit coordinators who will assist in arranging and controlling the attendance of their respective employee attached to their sections within the structure of the organization. On the other hand, the training will be conducted within the premises of the organization because of the need for convenience; therefore, the social hall at the headquarters will be designated for the training throughout the period. There will be the need to designated a budgetary emergency provision, which will be 15% of the total estimated cost. The emergency funds will be used only when an unexpected event has occurred to guarantee the continuity of the training process. The following illustration presents the summary of the fixed and variable costs associated with the procured resources. Estimated Cost: Fixed and Variable Budgetary Allocations No. RESOURCE COST TOTAL/100 PARTICIPANTS FIXED COST 1 Personal computer Provided by trainer NIL 2 Projector Hired at $ 200/day $ 200 3 Audio system Hired at $ 300/day $ 200 4 Training Hall Provided by the company NIL VARIABLE COST 1 Pens $ 100 for every 100 participants $ 100 2 Notebooks $ 150 for every 100 participants $ 150 3 Handouts $ 200 for every 100 participants $ 200 4 End of Training Test $ 200 for every 100 participants $ 200 5 Certificate of participation $ 250 for every 100 participant $ 250 GRAND TOTAL $ 1300 Possible Barriers The process of executing the training and development program in Harvey Norman Holdings Limited will be critical. The availability of the employees is a key challenge for the trainer because it requires a diverse and category based schedule. The possibility of the having the training conducted cumulatively would have been an added advantage both for the organization as well as for the trainer. Such complexities are directly related to the time factor and the cost of the training. On the other hand, availability of funds set to facilitate the program determines the extent to which the program will be successful. Other factors to be considered during and before the training includes the effect of conflicting priorities in the organization where executing duties related to the jobs of the attendants is deemed to supersede the need for training. Furthermore, the success of the program is subject to the perception of the participants. If the online shop attendants will consider this train ing as an essential tool for their professional development, then they are bound to improving their competence. Moreover, the rate of participation in line with the number of employees present per session defines the long-term impacts of the training based on the anticipated outcomes. Conclusion In conclusion, the training and development program is designed to improve the skills of the attendants regarding online order management. The plan will enhance the capacity of the employees to manage after sale relationship with customers. Therefore, the program will also highlight the current trends in online retailing to ensure that the attendants incorporate the changes in customer relations in the corporate sector in Australia in their daily activities. The program will include the handling of the customers from the time they make a purchase impression, proceed to inquire regarding their preferred products, decide to place an order. This plan will lead to the delivery of goods, addressing the complaints of the clients as well as making sure that one purchase will result in future purchases or referrals from that customer. The other outcome of the program is expected to boost the revenue and competitiveness of the company. References Caley, M. M. Mason, J. (2002). How do people learn? CIPD, London. Drucker, F. (2013). Training and development: A conceptual framework. Available at: https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/28732/9/09_chapter%201.pdf Harvey Norman. (2016). Harvey Norman Holdings Limited: About the Company. Available at: https://www.harveynorman.com.au/ Rao, T.V. (1996). Human resource development. Sage P

Price sensitivity Essay Example

Price sensitivity Essay The Web defines price sensitivity â€Å"as the extent to which price is an important criterion in the customers decision- making process; thus a price sensitive customer is likely to notice a price rise and switch to a cheaper brand or supplier† (Information retrieved on May 8, 2006 from wps.pearsoned.co.uk/wps/media/objects/1452/1487687/glossary/glossary.html)   Miller (2006) defines sensitivity as â€Å"the awareness of the consumer to what they perceive to be the window of cost within which they will buy a particular product or service.†Price sensitivity then is the customers’ awareness of the prices of the products or services they are buying. For a price sensitive customer, the price of a certain product or service is a great factor in his or her decision to purchase the product. â€Å"Price sensitivity however is not just about charging high prices to maximize revenue. It might also make sense to cut prices sometimes dramatically to encourage people wh o may otherwise not be part of the market to use the services or goods being provided†Ã‚   (Information retrieved on May 8, 2006 from http://www.bized.ac.uk/current/mind/2005_6/141105.htm). Example of price sensitivity is the strategy used by Priceline.Priceline’s customers are very price sensitive. Priceline provides its customers a variety of offers and deals they can choose from. This is a marketing strategy that Priceline uses to encourage price sensitive customers to patronize their products. Priceline capitalizes on the price sensitive customers who expect better deals for their money. Priceline makes use of the name-your-price or reverse-action model (Varian, 2000). This strategy is actually like other marketing strategies wherein customers are given the choice to be more flexible with their time and brand in exchange for a lower cost.The effect of this of course is for customers to always look for a better bargain using the Priceline’s prices as the refer ence prices or basis in their decision making. Price sensitive customer tries to find other good deals from other airlines just to compare the apparent savings they will be making if they choose Priceline. According to Kottler (2003), customers are more price sensitive to products and services that are considered to be more expensive and frequently used by the customers. Travel is considered to be an expensive activity so customers are very price sensitive and tries to get the best deal taking into consideration price and quality.Customers are very sensitive to interest rates. The home loan products offered by Priceline actually produce a positive effect. The lowest loan guarantee encourages more customers considering the big savings they will be getting from it. But some customers are skeptical especially those who have negative experiences when it comes to hidden charges.PART II – Is the right price a fair price?There are two sides to this coin – one is for prices to reflect the value that customers are willing to pay and the other is to reflect the cost involved in making a product or service.High value item usually implies high quality. If prices are set high, customers have high expectations on the product or service. If this expectation is met by the manufacturer or the company offering the service, then high prices can still be considered a fair price.On the other hand, with the current economy of the country today and the decreasing purchasing power of many people, fair prices are prices that reflect the cost involved in making the product or service. Fair price in this case is when the customers purchase a product or service and walk away happy with the quality and the cost.Economists define fair market value as â€Å"the price that an interested but not desperate buyer would be willing to pay and an interested but not desperate seller would be willing to accept on the open market assuming a reasonable period of time for an agreement to arise† (information viewed on May 8, 2006 from http://www.investorwords.com/1878/fair_market_value.html).The concept of transparency and public accountability play important roles in setting the right price. According to Baggini (2006), a fair price in a free market is simply what the people are prepared to pay. It is considered unfair to customers if they pay inflated rates for products and services that they ended up worse off than they should have been.Products or services should be priced just enough to cover all costs incurred in its production and enough profit to sustain the producer and return on his or her investment. The interest on fluctuation and the risk of investment should also be considered in setting the right or fair price. This way, both the consumer and producer walk away happy.BIBLIOGRAPHYPART IKotler,P (2003)   Marketing Management, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New JerseyMiller, L (2006). Understanding Price Sensitivity in Marketing: One of the F our Keys in the Marketing Mix. Retrieved May 8, 2006 from http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/17430/understanding_price_sensitivity_in.htmlMind your Business Price Sensitivity Retrieved May 8, 2006 from http://www.bized.ac.uk/current/mind/2005_6/141105.htmVarian, H (2000) Priceline’s Magic Show Retrieved May 8, 2006 from http://www.sims.berkeley.edu/~hal/Articles/TheStandard/priceline.htmlPART IIBaggini, J (2006). Can you cheat someone to wealth? Retrieved May 8, 2006 from http://www.guardian.co.uk/ideas/story/0,,1746335,00.htmlFair Market Value Retrieved May 8, 2006 fromhttp://www.investorwords.com/1878/fair_market_value.html;

Propanol and Butanol Essay Example

Propanol and Butanol Essay Example Propanol and Butanol Paper Propanol and Butanol Paper To investigate and compare the relationships between the amounts of energy released from different alcohols in the alcohol series. BACKGROUND INFORMATION Alcohols are a series of organic homologous compounds with the general formula of C(n) H(2n+1) OH. They gain their properties, which are different to those of other compounds in the homologous series due to the OH bonded to the Carbon. The 4 simplest alcohols are Methanol, Ethanol, Propanol and Butanol. Each alcohol has one more carbon and two more hydrogens than the previous one. When alcohols are heated to react in a copious supply of oxygen they undergo complete combustion to form carbon dioxide and water. The reaction is an exothermic one and produces a flame emitting light and thermal energy. This is because the energy put into the alcohol to break the bonds is less than the energy given out by new bonds forming. Therefore, different alcohols release different amounts of energy. The diagrams and calculations on the following sheets show the theoretical energy release of each alcohol using the bond energy values below. BOND TYPE BOND ENERGY (KJ/mol) 0-H 463 C-H 412 C-O 360 C=O. 805 (Carbon dioxide) O=O 496 C-C 348 The calculations show that: (the negative values mean energy is lost from the compounds and is therefore given out as heat or light) ALCOHOL ENERGY RELEASED (KJ/mol)) Methanol -659 Ethanol -1279 Propan-1-ol -1899 Butan-1-ol -2519 The negative values mean energy is lost from the compounds and is therefore given out as heat or light as an exothermic reaction. The graph shows that as the length of alcohol chains increases the energy released by combustion will also increase directly proportionally. This is shown by the straight line passing through the origin on the graph on page 6. This is because the longer chains have give out more energy from the bonds formed in the products than the energy that went in to break the extra carbon and 2 hydrogen bonds. During this investigation I will be using propan-1-ol and butan-1-ol. The 1 refers to the structure of the compound, as Propanol and Butanol are capable of having more than one structure but share the same molecular formula. This is important as other isomers will release different levels of energy due to the different arrangement of bonds. PREDICTION The evidence given previously states that the longer the chain of the molecules the more energy it will release. Therefore I expect Methanol to give of the least energy and Butan-1ol to release the most amount of energy. This is due to the enrrgy of the products in Butanol being higher than the energy in Methanol. My graph should look the same as the one on the previous page for the theoretical energy release values. However, I will expect my results to show a lower level of energy release because not all of the energy will go into heating the water. Some of the heat will be lost by being blown away and some energy will take the form of light. PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION. How high do I place the calorimeter above the burner? I found that a decent sized flame was 4cm and therefore I clamped the calorimeter 7cm above the top of the burner. This allowed for the flame to burn freely without the bottom of the calorimeter interfering with the combustion and making it unfair. How large should the flame be? Although the size of the flame will not effct the results diretly because the rate at which the alcohol burns is irrelevant due to the fat that the change in mass is also measured. However, the size of the flame can make the results inaccurate in other ways. I found that the small flames flickered to much and did not produce a constant enough source of heat. However, I also found that the large flames were blown around a lot by the slightest of drafts and therefore the heat was not always being transferred into the calorimeter. I decided that 4cm was a good height to use as it was not affected by the drafts too much and did not flicker.   How much water do I fill the calorimeter with? The amount of water in the calorimeter needs to be a sensible amount as too much will not heat up enough to be recorded accurately and too little will heat up so much it boils and the results are useless. Therefore I decided to use 70cmi (70g) of distilled water as it was heated up enough to be recorded acuratly but did not boil.   How often do I stir the calorimeter? The calorimeter needs to be stirred so that the water is moved around and uniform heating occurs. Uniform heating means that all the water is the same temperature and not just the bottom of the water is heated. Uniform heating make results more accurate. I decided to plunge the stirring wire down and up once every 5 seconds in order to mix the water.   How long do I heat the calorimeter for?

Learn the Pros and Cons of Ethanol and Its Production

Learn the Pros and Cons of Ethanol and Its Production Ethanol is simply another name for alcoholthe liquid made from the fermentation of sugars by yeasts. Ethanol  is also called  ethyl alcohol  or  grain  alcohol  and is abbreviated as EtOH. In the context of alternative fuels, the term refers to an alcohol-based fuel that is blended with gasoline to produce a fuel with a higher octane rating and fewer harmful emissions than unblended gasoline.  The chemical formula for ethanol is CH3CH2OH. Essentially, ethanol is ethane with a hydrogen molecule replaced by a  hydroxyl radical,OHwhich is bonded to a  carbon atom. Ethanol Is Made from Grains or Other Plants No matter what it is used for, ethanol is produced by processing  grains such as corn, barley, and wheat. The grain is first milled, then fermented with yeast in order to transform the grains starches into alcohol. A distillation process then increases the ethanol concentrations, such as when a liquor distiller refines whiskey or gin through a distilling process. In the process, waste grain is produced, which is usually sold as livestock feed. Another by-product, the carbon dioxide produced,   can be used in other industrial applications.  Another form of ethanol, sometimes called bioethanol, can be made from many types of trees and grasses, although the fermentation and distilling process is more difficult. The United States produces close to 15 billion gallons of ethanol a year, mostly in states close to large-scale corn growing centers. The top producing states are, in order,   Iowa, Nebraska,   Illinois, Minnesota, Indiana, South Dakota, Kansas, Wisconsin, Ohio and North Dakota. Iowa is by far the largest producer of ethanol, producing more than 4 billion gallons a year.   Experiments are underway on the possibility of using sweet sourgum as a source of fuel ethanol, which can be grown with only about 22% of the irrigation water required for corn. This may make sourgum a viable choice for regions with water shortages.   Blending Ethanol with Gasoline Blends of at least 85 percent ethanol are considered alternative fuels under the Energy Policy Act of 1992. E85, a blend of 85 percent ethanol and 15 percent gasoline, is used in flexible fuel vehicles  (FlexFuel), which are now offered by most major auto manufacturers. Flexible fuel vehicles can run on gasoline, E85, or any combination of the two. Blends with more ethanol, such as E95, are also premium alternative fuels. Blends with lower concentrations of ethanol, such as E10 (10 percent ethanol and 90 percent gasoline), are sometimes used to increase octane and improve emissions quality but are not considered alternative fuels. A good percentage of all gasoline sold now is E10, containing 10 percent ethanol.   Environmental Effects A blended fuel like E85 produces less carbon dioxide, the single most important greenhouse gas responsible for climate change. In addition, fewer volatile organic compounds are emitted by E85.   Ethanol  is not without its environmental risks, however, because when burned in internal combustion engines, it produces significantly more formaldehyde and other compounds that can increase ground levels of ozone.   Economic Benefits and Drawbacks Ethanol production supports farmers by offering subsidies to grow corn for ethanol, thereby creating domestic jobs. And because ethanol is produced domestically, from locally grown crops,   it reduces U.S. dependence on foreign oil and increases the nation’s energy independence On the flip side, growing corn and other plants for ethanol production requires a lot of farmland, monopolizing fertile soil which instead could be used to grow food that might feed the worlds hungry. Corn production is especially needy in terms of  synthetic fertilizer and  herbicide,  and it frequently leads to  nutrient  and  sediment pollution. According to some experts, the production of corn-based ethanol as an alternative fuel  may end up requiring  more energy than the fuel can generate, especially when counting the high energy costs of synthetic fertilizer production.   The corn industry is a powerful lobby in the U.S., and critics argue that corn-growing subsidies are no longer aiding smaller family farms, but are now mostly of benefit to the corporate farming industry. They argue that these subsidies have outlived their usefulness and perhaps should be spent on efforts that more directly affect the public welfare.   But in a world of dwindling fossil fuel supplies, ethanol is an important renewable alternative which most experts agree has virtues that outweigh its drawbacks.

Target and Pinterest Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Target and Pinterest - Assignment Example It is a good marketing tool that essentially increases a business’s customers and sales. Target is going to use 3 key influencers of Pinterest to market their products. Limited edition collections of party items will be sold in stores and online. The selected Pinterest stars are top fashion bloggers and influential people in design. Blogger Joy Cho of Oh Joy who has 13.6 million bloggers began his partnership with Target on March by starting her party collection while Jan Halvarson of Poppytalk who has 8.3 million followers will launch her Target collections in June (Entis 2014). Kate Arends of Wit and Delight will do the same in September. My impression with this move by target to collaborate with top Pinterest bloggers is that it is a good marketing strategy for the company. Social media has become an essential platform for businesses to attract customers across the world. With the increasing number of social media users, businesses are able to meet a lot of potential customers online. Therefore, using Pinterest to generate sales is a good strategy for Target. Pinterest’s move to use influential people will work in generating revenue because influential people have the most following on social media; hence the company is able to access many potential customers (Weissman 2014). The followers of blogger Cho alone are 13.6 million. Therefore, during her time as a seller for Target, she generates a lot of sales from the millions of customers from her followers. The same case is similar from the other collaborators. Another aspect that makes the collaboration of Target and Pinterest’s influential bloggers is the popularity of Pinterest as a destination for entertaining inspiration (Entis 2014). Therefore, by collaborating with top tastemakers in fashion, Target will attract more customers for its party collections. The brand image of Target is good because the business is collaborating with

Drunk Drivers Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Drunk Drivers - Research Paper Example The most alarming statistics is the number of people being killed in drunk driver cases. According to Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) a total of 1 individual experiences demise after every 51 minutes as a result of being involved in a drunk driver case and a total of 30 individuals experience death due to the same reason each day (Cdc.gov, 2015). Several arrests take place in which individuals are arrested for driving under influence of alcohol and these individuals mostly have a blood alcohol level of 0.08% at the time they are behind the driving seat of a vehicle (Cdc.gov, 2015). CDC even has reported that during the period of 2010 a total of drunk drivers arrested with 1.4 million individuals (Cdc.gov, 2015). Another alarming statistic is the amount of money that driving under influence of alcohol cases cost the government each year. CDC reports that every year America has to experience a cost of higher than $59 million due to vehicle accidents in which the individ ual driving the vehicle was under the influence of alcohol. Individuals belonging to different ages, genders as well as race have been found to be indulged in drinking and driving cases. But people with certain characteristics are quite involved in such cases. Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) is an institute that has collected piles of information in relation to profiles of drinking and driving. They state that majority of the drunk drivers are those who have already had their driving license suspected as a result of driving under influence and this accounts for 75% of the individuals who have been arrested for this crime (Madd, 2015). Furthermore, the majority of the drunk drivers are quite young and they age around 21 to 25 years (Madd, 2015). Individuals, who drink and drive mostly do so during night hours of the day and these incidences are at peak during the weekends (Madd, 2015). Majority of the individuals indulged in

John Proctor Essay Example for Free

John Proctor Essay The audience now have conflicting emotions; there is confusion as although we know he has made a mistake, he doesnt deserve to die for it, we also feel disappointed that Proctor has given into Danforth showing a weakness rather than power and bravery. The courts are relieved that Proctor decides to confess and they want him to sign a confession, Danforth explains why it needs to be signed Why, for the good instruction of the village Proctor first shows signs of changing his mind You have all witnessed it- it is enough Proctor is adamant that he doesnt want to take his verbal confession any further. He says I have given you my soul; leave me my name! he is in a desperate situation as although he has confessed to impiety he doesnt want everyone in Salem to see the evidence of it. Proctor tears the paper and crumples it, but he is weeping in fury but erect. He has resolved his dilemma and has made his final decision to hang. The audience feel empathy for Proctor however we are glad he has made the righteous decision, redeeming himself in the end. His final words convey his good sense of morals and his courage. He says I do think I see some shred of goodness in John Proctor. The audience agree with his decision as it separates him from the hypocrisy of others. It also expresses his honesty in direct conflict with Danforth who is completely corrupt and irrational; Proctor says Show honour now, show a stony heart and sink them with it! It is a heroic end for Proctor showing his strength and dignity. By the end of the play some of the characters hold different views on Proctor. At the beginning of the play when Hale first arrived in Salem he was very enthusiastic about the witchcraft but throughout the play his views swayed towards Proctors explanation of the accusations. He realises that the witch-hunts are a consequence of dangerous pretence caused by a young girls vengeance. It is a lie! They are innocent! Hale is certain that this is fraud and he feels guilty for his earlier actions. Let you not mistake your duty as I mistook my own. And where I turned the eye of my great faith, blood flowed up. Hale knows he has done wrong and he is sincere and honest enough to admit his errors. As the play progresses we see a change in Elizabeths attitude, at the very end of the play a lot of the tension between them is resolved. Elizabeth admits that she was also to blame for their difficult marriage; It needs a cold wife to prompt lechery she has now fully forgiven him and they both realise their love for each other. Moments before Proctor hangs they share a loving, affectionate kiss He has lifted her, and kisses her now with great passion. Now that Proctor feels a genuine love and forgiveness he can die with an easy mind and with dignity. Hales condemnation and pleading with Elizabeth to save Proctor is a point of high dramatic tension as he knows that she is the only one that can change his mind. Hale pleads, Woman, plead with him! Woman! It is pride, it is vanity. Elizabeth knows that she cant take Hales advice as she knows her husband has made the morally right, honourable decision for himself. Miller uses Elizabeths final statement to confirm that Proctor is a tragic hero. He have his goodness now. God forbid I take it from him! This demonstrates that she cannot intervene because she cant take away his honesty and make his imperative decision for him. This proves that Proctor is a tragic hero as he chooses to die with an honest conscience. Proctor refuses to collaborate with the evil of the courts. God does not need my name nailed up upon the church! He will not agree to his signed confession being shown to the people of Salem because he doesnt want there to be any significant evidence of the lie he is giving. When Proctor reflects on himself, he is quite harsh. I cannot mount the gibbet like a saint. It is fraud. He is blaming himself for the situation he is in now as it is a consequence of his affair with Abigail. As he realises his mistakes he begins to see himself as a fraud. The witch-hunt shown in The Crucible has a strong link to the McCarthy trials in the early 1950s, as both occasions created a vast hysteria. Both Danforth and Abigail are closely linked to John McCarthy as they are trying to gain power. Abigail was constantly manipulating the courts; therefore a consequent fear and hysteria is created and innocent people like Mary Warren, who get frightened and intimidated, start to betray friends. Millers message is trying to tell the audience to be aware of, and stand up to people like Danforth and Abigail and expose things before its too late. Also, that we should beware that a petty pretence can become extremely dangerous. As we observe, Proctor comes across as very self-centred at the beginning of The Crucible and he doesnt seem to be aware of his mistakes- he is hypocritical and angry at Elizabeth for not forgiving him straight away for his affair, You forget nothin and forgive nothin. Learn charity woman. However as the play progresses the audience experience a new, moral and powerful Proctor who notices his faults. He now understands his errors and thinks of himself as a sinner I cannot mount the gibbet like a saint My honesty is broke. Elizabeth; I am no good man. I do not completely agree with the statement What is John Proctor? I am no saint; for me it is fraud. I am not that man. Although he has sinned by lying and committing lechery with Abigail he doesnt deserve to die as a consequence of Abigails vengeance. I feel that Proctor is being quite harsh on himself because even though he makes mistakes that put him in this situation, he redeems himself in the end by telling the truth and dying with dignity. for now I do think I see some shred of goodness in John Proctor. To conclude, I consider Proctor as more of a saint than a sinner. He is not a complete saint but I do believe that his courage, good sense of morals and power should be honoured and respected as he was a decent, noble man.   C20th Drama Coursework Essay: The Crucible Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

Inadequate Support Systems for an African American Adult with Breast Ca

Description of the Problem A support system is defined as â€Å"a network of people who provide an individual with practical or emotional support† (Merriam-Webster’s, 2014). In the area of healthcare, a lack of adequate support system will negatively impact the health of an individual in multiple areas of care. This can include issues that arise not only from an individual aspect, but also through lack of support on social, emotional, instrumental, as well as informational levels. A lack of social support system means that one does not have close ties or strong relationships with family members, friends, colleagues, or members of the community. Social and emotional support is an essential part of health care involving all disease and illness, but even more so when chronic illness such as cancer is involved. This is evident in numerous studies which have found social and emotional support to be strongly correlated to â€Å"feelings of positivity, mutuality, and improved mental health outcomesâ⠂¬  among patients with cancer (Wenzel et al., 2012). Additionally, social support provides functional resources that affect a patient’s outlook on his or her health status. Instrumental support may include items such as the provision of financial assistance, while informational support might be receiving feedback from others to help patients motivate themselves to accomplish their goals (Ashing-Giwa et al., 2012). The term ‘support system’ affects many aspects of an individual’s health care which, when considered all together, compound to influence the patient most often on social and psychosocial planes of care. Problem The focus of this discussion is patient Regina, a 53-year-old African American woman who was diagnosed with breast cancer in Octobe... ...ificance in the healthcare plane. Wenzel, J., Jones, R. A., Klimmek, R., Krumm, S., Darrell, L. P., Song, D., Stearns, V., & Ford, J. G. (2012). Cancer support and resource needs among African American older adults. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing, 16, 4, 372-7. The purpose of this study was to obtain experiential data on cancer diagnosis and treatment, and gather recommendations from survivors regarding treatment-related needs, strategies, and psychosocial support. Results indicate that the need for cancer-specific education, importance of faith and spirituality, availability of support, and identifying financial needs were the main issues recognized as important needs for the cancer patient. This article was useful in providing additional strategies and resources to implement in encouraging the formation of strong social support in individuals with cancer.

Science and Mathematics: Al-Ghazzali, “On the Separation of Mathematic and Religion”

The selections written on mathematics and the scientific description of smallpox imparted that Islam is based on trust and faith in God and not some theory and hypothesis which can be relied upon only if it is proven through calculation, geometry, and cosmography or by logical experimentations.Because of mathematics and science, Al-Ghazzali was able to make a distinction between mathematics and religion. According to him, proving something using mathematics, when successful, will tend to eliminate religious foundations of that particular assumption.Whereas, if something is proven by religion, it does not forego or criticize mathematics. Meaning, mathematics is quantifiable and material while religious is speculative and immaterial. Believing in Islam comes from within, established because of one’s belief in God even without substantial proof.Like in smallpox, this disease is contagious with unknown cause but it has been treated and now it is considered an inactive ailment. For Al-Ghazzali, the eruption of smallpox can be compared to the problems and challenges in life. When a person is still an infant, his resistance is still weak and can be easily infected by smallpox.Meaning, he is too fragile to face life’s crises. As he grows up, he continuously learns and strengthens his faith. Along the many trials in life, he becomes strong thus when he develops into a young man, he has enough strength not to contain â€Å"smallpox.† As he matures and grows all, he becomes much wiser and with great wisdom, his values are stronger thus â€Å"smallpox† can hardly contaminate him.Focus Question #2: According to Al-Ghazzali, should mathematics and religion be separated? Why or why not?According to Al-Ghazzali, mathematics and religion should be treated separately because these two disciplines cannot be reconciled even both can explain many phenomenon in the universe. However, they do differ in their justifications since mathematics has material pr oof while that of religion is based on faith in God, thus immaterial. If an experience or fact is proven materially, it tends to condemn religion right then while religious proofs do not criticize mathematics.Central to Al-Ghazzali’s theory is that all eventualities (causes and effects) in mortal life and beyond are determined by God as expressed in religion. He despised mathematics in that those highly-educated men who professed scientific proof of things tend to forget God and the Divine Law which is evil and wicked.Moreover, Al-Ghazzali asserted that these men who bowed down to mathematics and science have lost their faith in God. As such, they praised human knowledge and capabilities without recognizing that a higher Being is there responsible for all these gifts of wisdom and intelligence.Finally, Al-Ghazzali ended with total belief in understanding through religious experience rather than approaching it intellectually as in mathematics and science. All his actions and i nferences refer to obedience and confidence in God regardless of scientific bases and calculations. For him, God should be above all earthly occurrences.Works Citedâ€Å"On the Causes of Small-Pox.† A Treatise on Small-Pox and Measles. 1848.â€Å"On the Separation of Mathematics and Religion.† The Confession of Al-Ghazzali. 1908.   

The Great Gatsby, Chapter 8

Owen Marshall Honors Language Arts, Lohman March 27, 2013 Chapter 8 This chapter begins with Nick talking to Gatsby after the horrible events of the night before. Gatsby tells Nick how he spent his night waiting for Daisy to see him just for her to ignore him the whole time. He then tells Nick about why he fell in love with Daisy, and why he is still so deeply attached to her. Nick then leaves for work, shouting to Gatsby reassuring words seeing as he is obviously lost and depressed.After Nick leaves we are told about the actions of grief stricken George Wilson. We are told that George believed that the driver of the car that killed his wife was Gatsby and George acts upon this information. He spends the day making his way to Gatsby’s house and upon his arrival kills Gatsby in his pool and then ends his own life. Suspense This chapter creates a very deep suspense through the actions of George Wilson.Fitzgerald cultivates this suspense for the climax of the novel by describing George’s actions with little detail, describing them as if we are being told by a police report. He skirts what actually occurred, instead describing the setting in vivid detail. He mentions the â€Å"†¦cluster of leave†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (pg 170) that are in the pool foreshadowing Gatsby’s fate by having the leaves represent the end of the season and the end of his life. Fitzgerald uses this suspense to keep the reader intensely reading keep Gatsby’s death a shock.

Ways of Successful Collaboration

Ways of Successful Collaboration Assignments that are set up well at the beginning tend to be the most successful. Our studies show that most problems occur because of incomplete or poorly worded instructions. Our writers are very talented but they arent exactly mind-readers. Its better to be overly specific with your requirements instead of assuming the writer will know exactly what research you need them to do. Its always a good idea to confirm with the writer before they start writing that they are confident they know what you need. That way you can clear up any confusion before it impacts the assignment. Â  HOW TO GET GOOD GRADES? Be prepared to routinely follow up with the writer as they work on your assignment. Dont expect the writer to do all the work for you. Our services are not for cheating in your classes. Rather, they are meant to help you learn and understand your topic. Like a video game walkthrough, our writers are there to help you navigate especially hard levels with instructions and guidance. They arent going to play the game for you. So make sure you understand what the writer is developing for you and reach out to them immediately if you find something is confusing or unclear. Responding promptly to your writers questions is another key to successful collaboration. When a writer has a question for you try to get back to them as soon as you see their message. The same goes for staff. If you bring an issue to us, try to maintain open, timely communication while we work to fix the problem. Here is a short summary of quick and dirty tips: Be precise about what you want, prepare your assignment description; Maintain contact with your writer at all times; Do let us know in case your writer is not responding do your messages; Keep track of the order progress as your paper is being written; Ask for drafts of your paper so that you can make sure your paper is on the right track. We will always prosecute unprofessional or unsatisfactory behavior from our writers. However, this process will not fix a missed deadline or a ruined grade for you. So taking steps to prevent problems from arising will benefit you in the long run. Immediately let a staff member know if your writer is not responsive, does not provide a rough draft after committing to the project or is in any other way showing signs that they dont intend to complete your assignment. Our staff can smooth out misunderstandings or assign you a new writer if needed.

Perfect Exploratory Essay All You Need is Thorough Research

Perfect Exploratory Essay All You Need is Thorough Research Perfect Exploratory Essay: All You Need is Thorough Research Exploratory essays are meant to explore certain concepts or perception of subject information. They are different from other essays because they tend to give the reader a wider idea on a topic and even implore real life situation of the subject topic. So, it means that for this kind of writing it is necessary to gather a lot of profound information because the power of persuasion here is proven facts. Instead of convincing the reader or the audience in the validity of a thesis, it is possible to research on problems and draw some form of preliminary conclusions of how to resolve it. In addition, it forms the core of one’s writing and thinking process as they work through an ailing issue. For these forms of essay, one ought to be introspective and consider the thinking process as a whole foundation for the essay to come out as clearly as intended. Exploratory Essay Features Pays more attention to a problem than an idea. Here, before choosing the suitable one, several solutions to the problem are analyzed and their strength and weaknesses are determined. The essay can be approached in two ways: Retrospective – here the conclusion is first drawn and the other exploratory parts written in such a way that it fits the conclusion making the essay look evenly smooth. Impromptu – this method makes the essay look more unique and natural and is usually preferred by some teachers if not all. Exploratory Essay Structure Introduction In the introduction, a problem is identified, outlined, explored and explained on the basis of its importance. Also one should write brief discussion on: possible causes of problems, institution and people connected to the problem, possible solutions. It is required to give a short description on the types of sources and materials that one researched during the period of enquiry as well. Body The body is a series of paragraphs that tend to discuss more about the subject topic. It consists of a discussion of the enquiry process that followed the research of the certain issues of interest. These paragraphs should include the following: An introduction to the source and an explanation of the source preference and use in the exploration process. An explanation of some vital information found in the source regarding the problem in contention. A detailed discussion as to why the information obtained from the source is vital and how it may help to solve a problem. A sort of personal introspection on how the source aided you and how it allowed you to think in a different way about that ailing issue, and how it reduced your expectations and directed you to a new approach to the research. Conclusion In the conclusion restate the problem being explored and its possible causes with consequences. Review the institutions and people involved in the outlined issues and discuss any other questions arising from the research and why you think they are coming up. Lastly, highlight possible solutions to these problems. And here you go, a perfect exploratory essay. At writing service you can easily buy exploratory essay online, completely custom written from scratch by academic experts. Follow us!

Zinc Finger Nucleases Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Zinc Finger Nucleases - Essay Example When mRNA or genes coding for modified ZFNs are expressed in cells they introduce site-specific breaks in target DNA, which when repaired by the cellular DNA repair machinery, result in substitutions or deletions at the cleavage site, thus introducing a site-specific mutation. 1) Cite four research papers that use this method (20%) and describe, with the aid of diagrams if necessary. 2) How ZFNs can be used to carry out site-directed mutagenesis and how the use of genome sequence data is essential to use this technique (80%). Upper Word Limit: †¦3000 RELEVANT MODULE LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Describe the different means of making targeted sets of mutations to systematically analyse gene function. 2. Be able to develop practical expertise in applying bioinformatics methods to biological problems 3. Have further developed your skills in information retrieval from library and Web site sources. 4. Have gained additional experience in critical reading of original literature. 5. Have dev eloped further your ability to study To be signed by the student I have read and understood the University regulations and the Departmental guidelines on cheating in my Degree Handbook. I confirm that, in preparing this piece of work, I have followed those guidelines. I understand that my work may be submitted for checking to the JISC Plagiarism Detection Service and that use of this Service complies with UK Data Protection Law. Word Count: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2730 words excluding cover page and references†¦ Signature of student†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Date†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Failure to sign and clearly identify this piece of work will result in no marks being awarded. Note: The standard turnaround time for marked coursework is four weeks. Turnaround times for coursework involving multiple and/or ext ernal markers may be longer. In these cases the module supervisor will advise when the coursework will be returned. Site-Directed Mutagenesis by Engineered Zinc Finger Nucleases Background A zinc finger refers to a secondary structural motif of certain proteins. The zinc finger folds in a manner that allows it to coordinate or hold a zinc metal. There are several zinc finger motifs; the most common is the Cys2His2 zinc finger that consists of an antiparallel ?-sheet and an ?-helix coordinated by 2 His and 2 Cys residues that bind a zinc atom. The zinc finger proteins are involved in many reactions like mediating protein-protein interactions, RNA binding, but they are most known to be involved DNA sequence-specific binding. Two or more zinc fingers comprise the DNA-binding domain. Each zinc finger domain binds to three bases on the DNA. If there are more zinc fingers, then more bases are bound. Bound regions by the zinc fingers are usually three bp apart, and bind to the major groove of DNA. The capacity of the zinc finger proteins to recognize highly specific DNA sequences for binding was exploited by researchers to produce, design, or engineer zinc finger nucleases (ZFN) that can cut the target DNA at specific sites. Usually, these zinc finger nucleases have similar motifs as that of Cys2His2 zinc finger protein. In order to cut a specific target site on the DNA, the engineered zinc finger protein was fused with the cleavage site of FokI endonuclease, which is a restriction enzyme. FokI has a strict requirement for dimerization to the DNA; this is the reason why two different ZFNs are designed in opposing direction to bind the FokI restriction site (Figure 1). One ZNF can have several zinc fingers but only one nuclease domain. Many engineered ZFNs are targeted to attach to different DNA regions. After the ZFNs specifically bind the target DNA regions, the Fok1

Critique on european imperialism on Heart of Darkness Article

Critique on european imperialism on Heart of Darkness - Article Example Marlow was employed to transport the ivory downriver; however, his major and important pressing assignment was to return Kurtz, of the ivory trader. This symbolic story is basically a story within a story, or known as the frame narrative. It also follows Marlow as he also recounts, from the dusk through to the late night, his main adventure into the Congo towards a group of men who boarded a ship anchored in the Thames Estuary. It should also be noted from a structuralist and main point of view that Marlow was also the name of a town which was situated on the Thames, upstream from London. (Conrad and Najder, 137) Set during the era of the heightened competition for all the imperial territories that most of the historians have termed the New Imperialism, the Heart of Darkness was loosely based on the Conrad's observations and experience during a six-month stint, in the year 1890, in the Congo as being an employee of a Belgian company. This was almost five years after the coferenece 1884-1885 Berlin, a meeting of different representatives of the European powers was held in order to establish the terms according to which most of the continent of Africa would be then divided among them. During this meeting, King Leopold II of Belgium, by playing skillfully with the jealousies and fears of the rival powers off one another, astonishingly tries to be managed in order to secure as his own personal property of the central Africa that is, a territory of about seventy-five times the size of the country which he had ruled. Under the various humanitarian pretenses, Leopold's agents, who had also begun th e process of the conquest several years earlier, also effectively turned the Congo Free State into a camp known as an enormous forced labor camp in order to do the extraction of ivory and, after this, the worldwide rubber also boom in the early 1890s following the popularization of the tire, rubber. Along with this, in order to outright the murders, the slave labor conditions also led to many deaths from the starvation and disease as well as a declining birth rate. During an era in which most of the Europeans viewed the imperialism as a legitimate, most of the falling circumstances of the Leopold's Congo also led to an international outrage. The Conservative demographic estimates therefore place the region's depopulation toll between the 1880 and 1920 at around 10 million people that is around half of the total population along with the worst of the carnage which was occurring between 1890 and 1910. Not much was really known outside the Africa about the conditions of the Leopold's r ule when Conrad was also there, but in the several upcoming years before he began writing the Heart of Darkness, in 1898, it also became an international scandal, and most of the regular reports appeared in the British and also in the European press denouncing all the abuses. When he was writing for Blackwood's Magazine, Britain was in its last years of his Victorian rule. Britain was one of the most powerful and also an influential nation on Earth; its Empire was also spread throughout Europe, Africa and Asia. Joseph Conrad was born in the Ukraine in 1857. African

Birth to death Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Birth to death - Essay Example This notion might result to drying of wells, reduction of stream water, deterioration of the quality of water in Tucson as well as land subsidence. The water table in Tucson has drastically lowered over the past 70years (City of Tucson, 2014). This is as a result of an increase in population over the years which have lead to excessive pumping of underground water. This is portrayed by the decline in the amount of water yield by most of the well in southern Tucson region (City of Tucson, 2014). The Central Arizona Project is a water supply and treatment project owned by the United States Bureau of Reclamation. It comprises of 336 miles length system of tunnels, aqueducts, pipelines and pumping ducts. The system is designed to carry water across the state of Arizona. Apart from drinking and agriculture, water from the CAP is used for outdoor recreation, wildlife conservation and fishing. Wildlife conservation practices and fishing are essential in the economy of

Analysis Of Moral Education

Analysis Of Moral Education The word ethics is taken from the Greek word ethos which means custom or usage. Ethics can be defined as a philosophical study of morals; that is of good behaviour moral obligation moral attitude moral responsibility social justice and good living conditions VALUES : Can be defined among other things as price appraisal,ie the price of something compared with the price of another rank quality grade standard and high attributes (in thoughts, religion and society) The terms moral value and ethical value are usually used to convey the sense of good or correct as opposed to immoral and unethical. Morality is a social instrument that guides individuals and groups in their daily lives. It requires individuals and groups to follow it. It helps the people to behave rationally as members of society. NORMATIVE AND DESCRIPTIVE STATEMENTS V. Grassian (1981) says that attempts to give coherent or logical, systematic and justifiable answers to moral questions are called normative ethics. This means that moral ethics focuses on normative statements which have implications on human behaviour. Hence, it can be said that a normative statement is a value judgement that is good or bad, wrong or correct, acceptable or unacceptable. The example, Abortion is an immoral act is a normative statement. Moral judgements can be divided into either special or general. According to W.K. Frankena (1973), he says that in a moral judgement; we can say that a certain action or type of action is morally good or bad obligatory or non-obligatory necessary or unnecessary to carry out. Such a judgement is called a judgement of moral obligation or denotic judgement. As a class we can discuss matters that are not actions nor types of action concerning persons, their motives, aims and behavioural traits or nature. Similarly, we can also say they are morally good, bad, virtuous (having better behaviour or higher moral principles than others), vicious( evil, cruel) responsible, saintly, etc. Evaluation of this sort is called moral value judgement or aretaic(excellence of virtue) judgement. Table 1.1 1) Normative Statements with Moral Judgements Special General Judgements of moral obligation (Deontic judgements or obligations) I do not like to dispise anyone You need to be a dedicated student What Ahmad has done is wrong ? It is not proper to force your son to work until late night. We need to keep to our promise All dictators deceive their people All human beings need the right to freedom Bribery is wrong in the eyes of law. Moral value judgements (Aretaic judgements) my father is a kind-hearted penghulu he is always responsible in his work you ought to be fined alis motive is good. a good person does not cheat or steal benevolence(kindness) is a noble quality jealousy is an ignoble(mean) motive the person who can forgive such a negligence or mistake is a saintly person. 2) Normative Statements with Non-Moral Judgements Special General Judgements of non-moral obligation (deontic judgements) you need to buy a new pair of shoes you only need to buy tickets for this concert you really should sleep earlier shakira has to eat at the school canteen every day. to make a table, you need nails, not scotch tape. A good method is to send troops to the battlefield To answer correctly, students must read the questions care fully. All hostel residents should care for their safety Judgements of non-moral value (aretaic judgements) that car is good his life is not happy I did not brush my teeth in the correct way Kamarul attempted to defend his argument in the debate. pleasure is good in itself democracy is the best form of govt. peaceful demonstrations are allowed in many western countries sweet food is not healthy. Normative statements in the form of direction or orders ie. To direct or order an individual or the public to obey a regulation or law, ex : parents must be respected Non-normative statements are known as descriptive statements and they are not concerned with judgement of moral values. Ex : in Malaysia, reshuffling the cabinet is the prerogrative of the prime minister. No Matter Non-normative Normative 1 General elections Fewer people are registering themselves as voters Good citizens must register themselves as voters 2 Genetics We still do not know much genetic engineering Genetic manipulation should be used to check the deformity of babies at birth 3 Suicide Suicide cases have increased Killing oneself as a personal sacrifice is permitted 4 Pornography Pornography tarnishes life in the campus Pornography is banned in the campus 5 Parents Parents have authority in the family Always obey the orders of your parents Basic concept of value : 1) On our red currency note, bank Negara Malaysia makes this declaration this currency note is legal tender of Ten ringgit this is an example of value from the materialistic aspect. From the aspect of morality- there is no difference between a theft of RM10 and a theft of RM100, although there is certainly a difference in monetary value. 2) in a society, if a person has a lot of money, he is considered rich; if he does not have much money, he is considered poor. However, we should not assess a person solely on the basis of his wealth or the amount of money he possesses. Instead we should appraise him from the point of view his quality of living, his character and the moral values that he possesses. Such intrinsic value can only be felt by the person concerned or are noticed and taken into account by people who observe them. M.Rokeach (1973) in his book, The Nature of Human Values, points out another characteristic of moral value; a value changes from time to time and is different from one place to another. Values has its own functions ; it acts as a criterion or standard which is consistent and strong for an individual or society to act in a way that is good, correct, and acceptable it is an indicator, reference, and guide to solve moral conflict. Different moral values may be in conflict with each other, but a guide from value itself will be referred to in order to resolve the conflict. Ex; you are offered a reward to carry out a task which is dangerous. The task might be good for society but bad for your family (your safety is at risk) In this conflict, value plays an important role in making you arrive in a decision whether to accept the task or to reject the offer. It places a restriction on the behaviour or action of an individual or the society. An individual will or will not do something or behave according to the values held by family. Instrumental (Extrinsic) Values and Intrinsic Values Instrumental values: Quality received or rejected as instrument to achieve certain objectives Dependent on other values to achieve certain objectives Second order values; Bravery, diligence, respect for others. Intrinsic values: Quality received or rejected solely because it is good or bad without considering its effect. Not dependent on other values to achieve certain objectives. The value mentioned it itself the final objective First order value; kindness, love, justice Subjective values and Objective Values Subjective values : Quality accepted or rejected by someone who gives his views Accepted or rejected on the basis of an individuals opinion Objective values: Quality that may be valuable or not valuable but free from personal choice Accepted or rejected on the basis of a set of criteria agreed upon by all or a majority of people. Relative values and Absolute values Relative values : Value accepted or rejected by regulations in a society in order to achieve certain societal objectives Can change with time Absolute values: Value the worth of which is not related to the custom of a certain society Constant at all times and in all places and in almost all norms of society. Chapter 2 : Theories and Value Systems The objective of the theory of normative obligations is to guide us to make decisions and judgements about actions in certain situations i.e. to try to determine what we and other people ought to do. Social Morality Theory : (SM) The theory of SM is a theory which attempts to relate moral standards, regulations of a society and the countrys or universal law with ethical concepts. It also stresses the individuals responsibility to follow orders from an authoritative body. An individual has to know what he can and cannot do and whether a certain action is right or wrong or a certain behaviour is good or bad. Religious aspects Buddhists are advised not to be extreme in life i.e. not to unnecessarily torture themselves and not to be controlled by desire. They should also behave virtuously (to be kind and loving) in order to be rewarded, and finally to attain nirvana. Christians is governed by the commands and prohibitions set out in the Ten Cmmandments which prohibit killing, adulterous relations and stealing. Hindus are required to observe the moral regulations stated in ancient writings like the Ramayana and the Upanishads. These regulations guide the Hindus about what they ought to do and what they must avoid. Malays Muslims must practice a disciplined life observing the moral and ethical teachings of the Koran and the Hadis. Members of a society normally observe a system of moral standards with general principles related to moral norms. 2 most important functions are :- the moral standards system in the society identifies situations so that each person wards off self-interest to strengthen a system of behaviour that brings benefits to self as well as to other people moral standards serve to resolve conflict in the society by giving justifications that are acceptable to the public as bases for action which involves prudential claims and moral claims. Prudential claims are based on self interest that is on the needs, desires or objectives of individuals. Moral claims are based on standards that are outside the personal interest of individuals. A weakness of SM is that when different societies have laws, regulations, customs, and moral values that differ, misunderstanding, conflict and social tension may occur. Theory of Personality Virtues (PV) According to R.B. Ashmore, moral theory, which is said to be a systematic way in determining questions on values, begin when we ask, Why should I act in this way and not that ? MG Velasquez says that the individual is not born with the ability to understand and apply moral standards. This ability, like his physical, emotional and cognitive abilities, develops with maturity. Hence, his ability to deal with moral issues is formed as he grows. Aristotle, the famous Greek philosopher says that our moral ability, called personality virtues or morally good habits, is built through training and repeated practice. Moral ability is taught to us by our families or by society until we have become accustomed to thinking, feeling and acting in ways that are morally appropriate. Qualities like courage, temperance, generosity, self-control, honesty, sociability, modesty and fairness or justice are personality virtues that can be acquired through habit. The formation of personality is in gradual stages and as follows : during childhood we are told what is correct and wrong. We will obey advice as to avoid punishment. Childhood obedience to moral standards is based on self interest. teenage the moral standards become internalized. We begin to understand the implications clearer and obey them. Obedience is based on loyalty to family, to friends to country. Matured we inherit from family, peers, culture or religion. We begin to evaluate moral standards. An individuals PV can be summarized as : All PV are acquired through the teaching-learning process or training. PV are habits, which means that they are ordinary deeds definite and prominent. When such a habit is formed, a stable tendency develops in the individual and this can be called that individuals characteristics. PV are operational ;ie they enable us to determine how to behave and act in a certain way PV are good; they differ from bad habits and vices. There are perfect, and allows us to act in the best possible manner. With the acquisition of PV, we become good individuals. Read up page 23 differences. 1993 THE TWELVE PILLARS (page 25) VALUE TIME DILIGENCE BRING SUCCESS ENJOY YOUR WORK MODERATION IS VIRTUE PERSONAL ENHANCEMENT BE KIND INFLUENCE BY EXAMPLE DUTIES MUST BE DONE PRUDENCE AND THRIFT GIVE PRIORITY TO PATIENCE SHARPEN YOUR ABILITY BE CREATIVE SERVICE ETHICS, VALUES AND NORMS Source : Institute Tadbiran Awam Negara (INTAN) Malaysia Refer to table 2.1 Personal Enhancement- positive negative (page26) Theory of Teleological Ethics Can be divided into 2 sectors :- Teleological Theory (TT) Deontological Theory (DT) TT states that whethera value is right or wrong depends on the final results of an action. The final decision depends on the number of good or right matters that have been done. TT places great emphasis on the consequential results of an action is also known as consequentialism. Utilitarianism Theory (UT) UT states that actions are right if they are useful or for the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people. The bombing of Hiroshima, for example, was aimed at ending the world war which had caused untold suffering. Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) an English philosopher introduced a scientific principle to analyze the quantity of pleasure. He allotted each factor with a value which can be analyzed into 7 factors : intensity of pleasure derived from an action duration of pleasure certainty of pleasure propensity of the experience of pleasure fecundity / tendency to be followed by more pleasure purity / tendency for an action to produce opposite effect and pain the calculus is done by multiplying the total balance with the extent or number of people experiencing pleasure or suffering. Factors 1 4 are used to measure the value of pleasure or suffering. It is only aimed at a person and his experience of pleasure and suffering. Factors 5 and 6 are used to measure when counting many pleasures and suffering. Factor 7 is used when many people are involved. It also shows by giving attention to the increase in general happiness. This means that that UT requires us to choose an action that will produce the greatest good ( happiness and pleasure) for the greatest number of people. Some weakness : the intensity of pleasure or pain is a subjective matter which is difficult to measure bcoz individuals feel differently. the quality of pleasure and pain experienced by one individual is not the same as that of another. It is difficult to measure the quantity of pleasure and pain of an individual at different times in different circumstances. Egoism Can be defined as a theory which considers a value as good if it benefits the individual himself/herself, and bad or cruel if it harms or causes him to suffer or loss. Egoism can be divided into 2 factors : psychological egoism is a descriptive theory which states how people act. It considers that all MEN are selfish. It stresses that people act for their own self-interests and cannot act in any other way 2) Ethical egoism prescribes how they ought to act and that all men ought to be selfish or have the right to be selfish. Factors that encourage egoism are : the social environment in influencing an individuals values our moral judgement, habits and behaviour are socially conditioned. b) The phenomenon called the new narcissism or admiration of oneself, emerged from the desire to defend oneself from feeling shame or guilty because of unequal distribution of profits which benefits oneself but causes others to suffer. The presence of inelasticity in motivation and encouragement. Psychoanalysis and genetic reports consider that each personality trait can be traced to infancy but has been argued and disagreed by many psychologist saying that the operative motive in a baby or a small child is not the same as an adult. Deontological Theory (DT) Deon means duty. A person who holds deontological views believes that to act morally, we must have self-consciousness in receiving specific constraints or rules which place our limits between self interest and the general good. Deontologists say that there factors which determine whether an action or rule becomes good or right apart from good or evil in its consequences. DT examines how responsible we are in treating other people and what our duties are towards them this is known as act oriented approach. It means the measurement or evaluation of ethics depends on the action of an individual and NOT the consequence of that action i.e. whether that action is right or wrong. From the DT theory- appears a principle known as Principle of Duty. Principles of Duty (PD) PD emphasizes duty for the sake of duty. Immanuel Kant is regarded by some philosophers as the most important thinker on ethics. He wrote on ethics, commitment to freedom, dignity, human prestige and moral obligation. He believed that moral obligation does not spring from God or community or human authority but from reasoning. His moral views came to be referred to as Kants Ethics read up, page 37. Kants Ethics 1 The concept of good will The principle of categorical imperative Kants Ethics 2 Formalism Rigorism Abstraction Conflicting ground of obligation Place of inclinations No accounts for wrong doing Chapter 3 The Values of Religion and Belief. Main religions and beliefs Islam Youngest of the worlds major religion From Saudi Arabia 1,400 years ago Spread to all over the world by the end of the 20th century Islam and human development life of an individual is a process which has continuity the process begins 9 months before baby is born, i.e. from the time of fertilization until death and enter hereafter. God, i.e Allah swt, will send an angel to place a roh or soul in the embryo. This will influence and determine 4 aspects of the babys fate in the future : livelihood deeds in the life death suffering or happiness death does not mean the destruction of roh. The roh will exist, after death, in a non-material from until punishment is passed on judgement day and it will be decided then whether YOU go to heaven or hell. The final objective of a virtuous life on earth for a muslim is to go to heaven eventually. Human Beings from an Islamic perspective : In Islamic view man does not emerge from a material process but is made by essence that controls the world, ie Allah and possesses 2 elements; roh and body. Man as Caliph / kalifah: mans appointment as a caliph is a great reward from Allah which makes him more noble than other creatures including the angles. The attributes of a caliph are basically in existence in man when he makes the agreement with Allah in the roh. As a caliph, man should display his natural attributes that he has within him through knowing and believing in Allah and His qualities Islamic Holy books: The Koran is regarded as the original teaching of Allah. The holy verses in it contain messages revealed by Allah to Prophet Muhammad s.a.w. Hadith (hadis) which is a record of the saying and actions of the Prophet S.a.w. Koran and Hadith are the most authoritative sources of Islamic teaching. Read up Koran Hadis Aspects of Islamic Teaching The concept of Ibadah Islamic Moral Values: only the Koran must be the yardstick to understand Islamic moral value. If one practiced the Koran in full, one would be virtuous and pure Failure to obey or rejection of the Koranic teaching would bring chaos and disorder to mankind. Islamic morality is founded on aqidah (faith); provides strong foundation for the belief in Allah in the qadak and qadar (Faith), in sin and merit (pahala) in rewards and punishments in the hereafter. The Koran itemizes behavioural traits that are despicable : unbelieving in Allah s.w.t. hypocritical envious jealous treacherous (dangerous but looks safe) lying, cheating, killing, drinking, committing adultery, etc. Read up examples of Islamic morals and important terms. Christianity places great importance on the worship of God there is only 1 god and is a union of 3 persons God of Father, God of Son and God of the Holy Spirit. The founder of the religion is Jesus Christ. Anno Domini (AD), the year of the birth of Jesus Christ. A.D is used in dates in the non-muslim world to indicate the number of years or centuries that have passed since the birth of Jesus. Christians consider Jesus is the son of God sent to world to free man from sin. The Bible is the holy book for Christians. 2 parts ie Old Testament, written before the birth of Jesus Christ, and the New Testament, written by followers of Jesus Christ. History and Christian Denominations: Christ mean deliverer The earliest Christians were Jews who believed that Jesus was a prophet who came from that community. Old testaments deals with preparation and implementation about the birth of Jesus . New testaments is a testimony to the life, death and triumph over death of Jesus ,the new community, (the church) people of god which emerged as a result of Jesus. Denominations: The Orthodox church mainly in eastern Europe and Russia The Roman Catholic church the largest Lutheran church supporters and followers of Martin Luther (german). The protestant church in Germany The Calvinist Church followers of John Calvin of the Protestant sect The Anglican Church Church of England Methodist. Christianity and Human Development : Mans relationship with God is more important than physical and cognitive development and growth. Many Christians believe the difference between man and animal is that man has been created in the likeness of God. This puts man on a higher class than gods other creatures. Man has 3 types of soul ie:- growing soul enables man to multiply and grow feeling soul are external senses and internal emotions Intellectual soul allows man to think, to remember to have affective, creative, etc Bible : Is a scripture of the Christians. It will guide man to live a moral, bright and excellent life, advice him to avoid sinful activities and save him from negative elements. The whole Bible contains 66 volumes. Genesis is the first book of Moses(the first volume) in the Old Testament mentions how god created the world in 6 days and rested on the 7th, the first man and woman; Adam and Eve. In the book of Proverbs it says obey your parents, avoid sin, be loyal and faithful, be rational avoid adultery, dont be lazy, be honest, be generous. The Revelation of Jesus Christ is the last volume in the New Testament. Mentions the teaching of Jesus Christ. It contains other ethical values taught by Jesus such as humility, friendliness, patience, fairness, moderation, consideration for others. Terms in Bible : Read -up page 70 Bible; God; Man; Heaven; Sin; Hell; Jesus Christ Christian Festivals read up page 71 Refer to the text book from pages 72 to 96 on these religions. Buddhism Hinduism Taoism Confucianism Sikhism Native beliefs END CHAPTER 4 THE MORAL PERSON The concept of moral will be looked at in 3 aspects : Moral content Moral form Moral dimension A) Moral content Refer to rules of society and human characteristics. Under the rules of society, there are certain restraints on their freedom to act in order that the safety and human rights of others can be protected. These rules are compiled from old and new knowledge and experience in human life. The moral issues experienced first by an individual are the customary rules and regulations that form the mores of a society. These customs are validated by a human group. It refers to standards or rules of our ancestors. An individual accepts and acts accordingly because they are prescribed norms. They cannot be disobeyed or challenged. Expected to behave within the boundaries of customer morality. Reflective morality calls for reasoning and consideration of the individual. This leads to the formation of specific criteria to judge the way to act The difference between customer morality and reflective morality is not what is believed but the reason that belief is preserved Rules of society can be put into 10 points : improve the standard of living of the people develop the intellectual capacity of the people so that they can function more effectively protect human life defend human rights and peoples welfare prevent degradation in behaviour and morals of the society stabilize conditions in the society maintain peace in the society create and preserve social order preserve social harmony 10) save time and effort when making decisions for oneself or other people. Human characteristics can be applied to Intrinsic motivation not to do something in a certain way, ex; reluctance to break or promise, or hurt person and reluctance to help someone in need. Feeling of guilt and disapproval when an individual acts in a manner contrary to his own intrinsic motivation. Believed importance conduct brought about by intrinsic motivation is considered very important to an individual to the extent that he feels it should become part of his nature. Admiration or esteem Opposed to the negative attitude one has for people lacking in moral motivation is feeling of admiration and esteem for someone who has done something extraordinary in he moral sense. Special terminology A person find it difficult to or does not know how to communicate his motivation, action or feelings. Believed justification must have justification for his motivation, sinful feeling, disagreeable attitude and admiration. B) Moral forms You are offered a high position in a government department that is riddled with corruption. If you try to oppose the corrupt system they expel you and replace you with someone new. In such a situation, is it right for you to accept the offer ? How do you resolve the moral conflict or dilemma ? Using your intelligence and referring to societal rules; Consider moral principles which you consistently uses; Arrange the principles in a hierarchy so that one of more basic moral principles can be used as a tool to justify other moral principles; Make sure the principles in No 4 do not conflict with each other. Read-up on Principalistic Ethics Form and Situational Ethics Form page 106-107. Moral Dimensions can be broken into 3 factors; reasoning; feeling and performance. Refer to the diagram on page 108/109 Moral reasoning to think and judge rationally and freely. Moral feeling love, compassion, sympathy. Moral performance to conduct oneself that is morally correct. Moral Agent and Recipient and Ethical Dimensions -page 110 CHAPTER 5 SOLVING MORAL CONFLICT Types of conflicts that may arise : A type of right may clash with another type of right, or a kind of freedom may clash with another type of freedom. BN and PKR conflict may arise between one person and another rights, utility, happiness, freedom and justice conflict arises between various values and concerns. Ethical Conflict Egoism and general utility egoism can be seen when ones life is delightful (self or own interest) and general utility refers to interest or welfare of others rather than self. Happiness and duty good or bad (good for self but bad for others) right or wrong (right decision for self but wrong decision for others) Normative Conflict in Social Philosophy related to freedom, justice, rights, law and sovereignty. Some of these conflicts can be categorized as ; Conflict between justice and social utility many groups in society can be said to be very costly, ex ; children, the elderly and handicapped. They incur greater cost than benefits they bring. By reducing these cost, we are denying these group of people from a full share of benefits seems unjust / wrong. Education, medical treatment and special care should be considered. It is clear that the cost of the expenditure is higher than the benefits derived from them. In a situation like this, justice and utility conflict. 2) Rights and Freedom a woman has the right to have as many children as she likes, but the UN Declaration of Human Rights proclaims that it is the right of every children to have nutritious food and medical care. To maintain that right, only mothe